Ch. 16 - Endocrine System - CLASS NOTES Flashcards
1
Q
What is the second controlling system of the body?
A
Endocrine system
2
Q
Hormones are also called:
A
chemical messengers
3
Q
Hormones control 5 processes
A
reproduction growth and development mobilization of body defences homeostasis regulation of metabolism
4
Q
5 effects caused by hormones
A
changes in plasma membrane permeability protein synthesis enzyme activation/inactivation mitosis stimulation secretory activity
5
Q
hormones are produced by _____ cells
A
specialized
6
Q
cells secreted hormones into _______ fluid
A
extracellular
7
Q
hormones are transferred to target sites by the _______
A
blood
8
Q
hormones _______ the activity of other cells
A
regulate
9
Q
3 main hormone classifications
A
- steroids - can go through cell membrane
- non-steroids
- prostaglandins
10
Q
hormones affect only certain _____ or ______
A
tissues, organs
11
Q
target cells must have specific protein ________
A
receptors
12
Q
2 mechanisms in which hormones act:
A
- direct gene activation (steroid)
2. second-messenger system (non-steroid)
13
Q
direct gene activation (steroid)
A
- can go through plasma membrane
- enter nucleus
- activate genes & DNA
- effects can take 45 minutes to days
14
Q
second messenger system
A
- cannot pass through membrane
- uses a receptor protein
- faster (seconds to minutes)
15
Q
3 hormone stimuli
A
- hormonal
- humoral
- nerve impulses (sympathetic)
16
Q
hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by __________ feedback
A
negative
17
Q
what does hormonal stimuli mean & give example
A
hormone release stimulated by other hormones
- pituitary gland targets thyroid gland
18
Q
what is humoral stimuli & give example
A
hormone release stimulated by body fluids & blood
- insulin is produced based on blood sugar
19
Q
what is neural stimuli & give example
A
hormone release stimulated by nerve impulses
- release of adrenaline
20
Q
8 major endocrine organs
A
- pituitary gland & hypothalamus
- pineal gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- adrenal gland
- thymus gland
- pancrease
- gonads
21
Q
this gland is the size of a pea
A
pituitary gland
22
Q
hangs by a stalk and connected to the hypothalamus
A
pituitary gland
23
Q
pituitary gland has 2 functional lobes
A
anterior pituitary - glandular tissue
posterior pituitary - nervous tissue
24
Q
what gland is known as the “master endocrine gland”
A
pituitary gland
25
how many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete
6
26
2 anterior pituitary hormones that affect non-endocrine targets:
1. growth hormone
| 2. prolactin
27
4 anterior pituitary hormones that affect endocrine targets - called tropic hormones:
1. thyroid-stimulating hormone
2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
3 & 4. gonadtropic hormones (FSH & LH)
28
3 characteristics of anterior pituitary hormones:
1. proteins
2. second-messenger sytems
3. mostly regulated by negative feedback
29
general metabolic hormone
GROWTH HORMONE
30
growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
GROWTH HORMONE
31
causes amino acids to build proteins
GROWTH HORMONE
32
causes fats to be broken down for energy
GROWTH HORMONE
33
spares glucose to maintain blood sugar homeostasis
GROWTH HORMONE
34
3 main kind of GROWTH HORMONE disorders
1. pituitary dwarfism
2. gigantism
3. acromegaly
35
stimulates milk production following childbirth
PROLACTIN
36
regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH)
37
influences growth and activity of thyroid gland
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
38
2 gonadtropic hormones
1. FSH
| 2. LH
39
stimulates follicle development in ovaries and development of sperm in testes
FSH
40
triggers ovulation of egg in females and production of testosterone
LH
41
hypothalamus is regulated by what gland
PITUITARY
42
2 Hormones of posterior pituitary gland:
1. oxytocin
| 2. ADH
43
stimulates contractions of uterus during labour
OXYTOCIN
44
causes milk ejection
OXYTOCIN
45
induces labour
OXYTOCIN
46
causes a positive feedback loop
OXYTOCIN
47
promotes water absorption
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
48
drinking alcohol inhibits the secretion of this hormone
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
49
this gland hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
PINEAL GLAND
50
secretes MELATONIN
PINEAL GLAND
51
establishes sleep cycle
PINEAL GLAND
52
affects moods - serotonin
PINEAL GLAND
53
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
PINEAL GLAND
54
this gland is found at the base of the throat and consists of 2 lobes
THYROID GLAND
55
thyroid gland produces 2 hormones
1. thyroid hormone
| 2. calcitonin
56
this hormone is the major metabolic hormone
THYROID HORMONE
57
increases rate of metabolism of all cells
THYROID HORMONE
58
important in process of normal tissue growth and development
THYROID HORMONE
59
targets all cells in the body
THYROID HORMONE
60
3 examples of THYROID disorders
1. GOITER (enlarged thyroid)
2. MYXEDEMA (physical and mental fatigue)
3. GRAVE'S DISEASE (increased metabolism
61
decreases blood calcium levels by depositing in into the bone and increasing calcium storage
CALCITONIN
62
opposite to parathyroid hormone
CALCITONIN
63
tiny masses on posterior of thyroid
PARATHYROID GLAND
64
parathyroid gland secretes this hormone
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
65
removes calcium from bones to raise calcium in blood
PARATHYROID HORMONE
66
2 hormones involved in calcium homeostasis
1. calcitonin
| 2. parathyroid hormone
67
these glands sit on top of the kidneys
ADRENAL GLANDS
68
2 parts of the adrenal glands
1. adrenal cortex
| 2. adrenal medulla
69
3 hormones secreted by adrenal cortex
1. mineralocorticoid (ALDOSTERONE)
2. glucocorticoids (CORTISOL)
3. gonadocorticoid (ANDROGEN - sex hormone)
70
hormone produced from adrenal cortex that regulates mineral content
MINERALOCORTICOID
71
hormone produced from adrenal cortex that helps resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels
GLUCOCORTICOID - CORTISOL
72
sex hormone produced by adrenal cortex
GONADOCORTICOID - ANDROGEN
73
2 adrenal cortex disorders
1. ADDISON'S DISEASE (bronze skin)
| 2. CUSHING'S SYNDROME (buffalo hump)
74
2 hormones produced by adrenal medula
1. epinephrine (adrenaline)
| 2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
75
adrenaline & noradrenaline are part of the 'fight or flight' response of the _________ nervous system
sympathetic
76
short-term stress hormones:
- epinephrine & norepinephrine (adrenaline)
77
long-term hormones:
- mineralcorticoids
| - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
78
2 hormones produced by pancreatic islets
1. insulin
| 2. glucagon
79
this hormone lowers blood sugar levels
insulin
80
this hormone increases blood sugar levels
glucagon
81
2 hormones involved in blood sugar homeostasis
glucagon and insulin
82
2 types of diabetes caused by homeostatic imbalance
1. diabetes type 1 - requires insulin
| 2. diabetes type 2 - insulin resistant
83
this gland is located posterior to the sternum
THYMUS GLAND
84
this gland is largest in infants and then atrophies as we age
THYMUS GLAND
85
this gland produces THYMOSIN
THYMUS GLAND
86
this hormone is important in developing immune system
THYMOSIN
87
2 GONAD glands
1. ovaries
| 2. testes
88
2 hormones present in OVARIES
1. estrogen
| 2. progesterone
89
hormone present in testes
- TESTOSTERONE (an androgen)
90
this hormone promotes and maintains female sexual characteristics
ESTROGEN
91
this hormone acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle
PROGESTERONE
92
helps in the implantation of embryo
PROGESTERONE
93
helps prepare breasts to lactate
PROGESTERONE
94
regulation of ovarian hormone secretion depends on changing levels of these 2 hormones
FSH & LH
95
this is the most important androgen
TESTOSTERONE
96
this hormone is responsible for adult male sex characteristics
TESTOSTERONE
97
this hormone promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
TESTOSTERONE
98
this hormone is required for sperm cell production
TESTOSTERONE
99
this organ produces hormones that are present only during pregnancy
PLACENTA
100
this hormone produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - detectable by pregnancy tests
PLACENTA
101
hormone produced by the heart
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
102
ANP is antagonistic to what 2 hormones
ADH and aldosterone
