Ch 14 lecture Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Function of urinary system
A
produce urine & eliminate it from the body
2
Q
Urinary System consists of:
A
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra
3
Q
What does the kidney make
A
urine
4
Q
Shape of kidney
A
Bean shaped
5
Q
Where does the kidneys lie
A
Sides of vertebral column, posterior in abdominal cavity and behind the liver & spleen
6
Q
Why is the right kidney lower
A
Because of the liver
7
Q
What are encompassed in the fatty capsule surrounding the kidneys
A
suprarenal glands
8
Q
Ureter connects what
A
the kidneys to the bladder
9
Q
What protects the kidneys
A
Lower ribcage
10
Q
Kidneys are what type of structure
A
Retropertitoneal
11
Q
On a radiograph, where do the kidneys lie in the middle
A
Between xyphoid process and iliac crests
12
Q
Ureters are tubes that do what
A
carry urine to the bladder
13
Q
Ureters lie ____ to each kidney
A
anterior
14
Q
What forces urine to the bladder
A
peristaltic waves, gravity
15
Q
How long are ureters
A
28-34 cm (depending on height)
16
Q
What kind of structure are the ureters
A
retropertitioneal
17
Q
What is the diameter of the ureters
A
1mm-1cm
18
Q
Why is the right ureter shorter than the left
A
Because of the liver
19
Q
3 constricting points (difficult for stones to pass)
A
- Ureteropelvic Junction (UP Junction)
- Brim of pelvis
- Ureterovesical Junction (UV Junction)
20
Q
The bladder holds:
A
urine
21
Q
What shape is the bladder
A
Triangular
22
Q
Muscular entrance where the ureters enters and the urethra leaves
A
Trigone
23
Q
Where does the trigone attach to
A
floor of pelvis
24
Q
How much urine makes you feel the urge to go to the bathroom
A
250 ml
25
Total capacity of bladder
350-500 ml
26
Found in males, produces fluid which helps make the sperm swim
prostate gland
27
What is the urethra
tube that delivers urine from bladder to outside of body
28
How long is the female urethra
4 cm
29
What is the female urethra function
pass urine to outside of body
30
How long is the male urethra
17-20 cm
31
What is the male urethra function
pass urine to outside of body, passageway for sperm
32
What structure is the urethra
Infraperitoneal
33
How big is a kidney
4-5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, 1 inch thick
34
Kidneys are ____ degrees to midline
30
35
Posterior positioning shows the _____ parallel to the table or bucky
opposite kidney
36
What surrounds each kidney
adipose capsule (peritenal fat)
37
Why aren't kidneys stationary
positioning and the diaphragm move them
38
When a kidney drops into pelvis
nephroptosis
39
The kidneys produce ____ urine daily
1.5 liters
40
Functions of kidneys
1. make urine
2. remove nitrogenous wastes
3. regulate H20
4. regulate acid base balance & electrolyte levels in blood
41
How much blood goes through a kidney every minute
1 Liter
42
What percent of blood is reabsorbed and put back into the bloodstream
99%
43
What is the top and bottom portion of the kidneys called
Upper & Lower Poles
44
Substance which forms the peripheral or outer portion of the kidney
Cortex
45
The cortex dips to form the ____ which extend to form the ____
Renal columns, renal sinus
46
Underneath the cortex, is composed of conical masses termed renal pyramids
Medulla
47
The medulla are a collection of tubes that converge at opening of ____ and drain into ___
renal papilla, minor calyx
48
Flattened hallow tubes
Calyces
49
____ gather to form ____
minor calyces, major calyces
50
unite to form the renal pelvis which narrows and turns into a ureter
Major calyces
51
Term used to describe the total functional portions of the kidneys
renal parenchyma
52
Structural & functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
53
How many nephrons in each kidney
1 million
54
Small capillary arteries in the kidney cortex form capillary tufts called ___ in which blood is filtered
glomeruli
55
Arterioles bring blood to the capillaries
Afferent
56
Take blood away
Efferent
57
Another word for glomerular capsule
Bowman's capsule
58
Arterial blood received by kidneys from ____ via the left and right renal arteries
Abdominal aorta
59
Each artery branches until it turns into a ____
capillary network
60
Renal veins dump straight into the _____ which returns to the right chamber of the heart
inferior vena cava
61
Renal veins are ___ to the arteries
anterior
62
Longitudinal fissure which serves as the area in which the renal artery, vein, lymphatics, nerves, and ureter exit and enter
Hilum
63
Radiographic exams of the urinary system
Urography
64
Contrast media to visualize kidneys and urinary tracts can be introduced 2 ways:
Intravenously (IV) and by catheter
65
Ionic contrast media
Means iodinated
66
Opacifying element
Iodine
67
Cation is usually ____ which increases the solubility of contrast media
salt
68
Cation combined with negatively charged component is ___
anion
69
Common anions that stabilizes the compound
distrizoate, iothalamate
70
Once injected the cation
splits apart
71
Splitting causes
hypertonic condition (increase in blood plasma)
72
Increasing the # of ions in the blood plasma can throw ___ off and give a reaction
homeostasis
73
Non ionic contrast media
Contains iodine but has no positively charged cations
74
Carboxyl group is replaced by
amide or glucose
75
When injected into the bloodstream it remains
intact (doesn't split)
76
Nonionizing contrast has low ___, doesn't increase blood plasma
osmolality
77
Does ionic or non ionic have less reactions
non ionic
78
Side effects of contrast media
Hot flashes, warmth of body, burning at injection site, metallic taste in mouth, feel like you have to pee
79
Mild effects of contrast
anxiety, nausea, vomit, metallic taste, mild erythema, itching
80
Moderate effects of contrast
severe hives, laryngeal swelling, hypotension, tachycardia or bradycardia
81
Severe effects of contrast
cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, no pulse
82
Why do you ask the patient if they take glucophage
contraindication of contrast
83
What does BUN stand for
blood urea nitrogen
84
BUN and creatinine levels are indicators of
kidney function
85
High BUN and creatinine levels
failure, tumors, or other conditions
86
Creatinine levels for an adult
0.6-1.5 mg
87
BUN levels
8-25 mg
88
Drug given to those with diabetes mellitus
Glucophage (metformin)
89
If taking Glucophage, patient must be off it for how long to be able to take contrast media
48 hours
90
What to write down for contrast media
Lot #'s, expiration dates, how much given, who gave it
91
What drug should be stocked on crash cart
epinephrine
92
IVU stands for
intravenous urography
93
Contraindications of IVU
Sensitive to contrast, absence of urine excretion, diabetes, renal disease, congestive heart failure, sickle cell anemia
94
Equipment used for IVU
Contrast media, needles, tourniquet, shield, emesis basin, markers, crash cart, compression devices, washcloth, pee bucket, alcohol wipes
95
When using a caliper to measure patient from back to front, start at ____ for the tomogram
divide by 3 (21 cm becomes 7cm, then 8 cm, 9cm, etc for the entire kidney)
96
Obliques are at what degrees
25-30 posterior
97
LPO shows
right kidney, left ureter are seen good
98
RPO shows
left kidney, right ureter are seen good
99
When is patient done with the pictures
when both ureters light up on bottom portion
100
Typically how long does the procedure last and how many shots taken
20 mins, 15 shots
101
Nephrotomograms
Slice shots of kidneys
102
Imagine bladder while peeing
Voiding cystourethrography
103
Why give pop during pediatric IVU or voiding cysto
Gas in stomach can extend
104
Where is the ureteropelvic junction (UP junction)
Renal pelvis funnels into small ureter
105
Where is brim of pelvis
Where iliac blood vessel crosses over ureters
106
Where is the ureterovesical junction (UV junction)
Where ureter joins the bladder
107
As the bladder fills, the top of the bladder expands
Upward and forward towards abdominal cavity
108
What occurs if bladder pressure is too high
Involuntary urination
109
For most IV urograms what veins are ideal within
Antecubital fossa -(median cubital, cephalic, and basilic veins)
110
Veins to avoid
Sclerotic (hardened), tortuous (twisted), rolling, overused, bifurcation, lie directly over artery
111
2 categories of contrast media reactions
Local, systemic
112
Reactions affected only the specific region of the body at which contrast media has been injected
Local reactions
113
Reactions that do not affect the site of injection but rather the entire body or specific organ system
Systemic reaction
114
Injection of contrast on a male is sometimes facilitated by a special device termed
Brodney clamp
115
How much water intake during 24 hrs
2.5 L (2500 ml)
116
6 steps for venipuncture
1. Wash hands, gloves
2. Tourniquet, site, clean site
3. Initiate puncture
4. Entry, needle
5. Injection
6. Remove
