Ch 15 Flashcards
(22 cards)
1
Q
- Adaptive immunity is ……………, and it involves …………….. (which type of wbc’s)?
- What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity and give examples:
- What are the 2 features that characterize adaptive immunity?
A
- specific, B and T lymphocytes
- active: reaction of own system
passive: borrow immune agents from someone else (vaccines) - specificity (antibodies produced and respond only against the antigen they were produced for) and memory
2
Q
- Cell receptors or markers confer …………. and ………… of a cell.
- The 4 Major functions of receptors are:
A
- specificity and identity
- To perceive and attach to foreign molecules
- To recognize self molecules
- To receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
- To aid in cellular development
3
Q
- MHC class I Receptors are found on:
- MHC class II Receptors are found on:
- MHCs are also known as …………… …………. ………….
- MHCs play a role in ……………… of self by the immune system and in ……………… of foreign tissue
A
- all cells except RBCs
- immune cells
- human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
- recognition, rejection
4
Q
- MHC class I are proteins that present ……….. antigens and …………. …………… antigens.
- MHC class I …………….. immune reactions.
- Required for ………… ……….. T-lymphocyte antigen presentation and ……….. ……….. activation
A
- self antigens and intracellular foreign antigens.
- regulates
- CD8 cytotoxic, CD8, T cell
5
Q
- …………….. are regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
2. The steps in MHC class II antigen presenting: .............. cells phagocytose an extracellular microbe/self antigen (ex: bacteria). ................ receptors on dendritic cells present processed endogenous antigens to the T cell receptor on ............ T cells. ............... cells are activated and become ............... for the microbial antigen presented
A
- MHC class II
2. Dendritic, MHC Class II, CD4, CD4 T, specific
6
Q
- Lymphocyte’s role in surveillance and recognition is a function of their ……………. .
- Name the 2 types of receptors and what they bind:
- Which type of receptor has a heavy chain and light chain?
- What is the clonal selection theory?
- Are T cells and B cells able to bind any antigen?
- How are T and B cells selected for replication to become naive T or B cells?
A
- receptors
- B-cell receptors – bind free antigens
T-cell receptors – bind processed antigens together with the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them
- B cell receptors
- Clonal selection theory: undifferentiated stem cells in the embryo/fetus undergo a continuous series of divisions and genetic changes into different cell types, each their own receptor specificity
- No. Each T cell or B cell has a unique receptor specificity.
- Only T cells or B cells that recognize a specific antigen are selected for replication
7
Q
- In the ……… ………, lymphocytic stem cells differentiate into ……….. cells or ………. cells.
- ….. cells stay in the bone marrow to mature to become naïve …. cells with ….. receptors
- ….. cells migrate to the thymus to mature to become naïve ….. cells expressing ….. or ……. receptors.
- Where do both T and B cells migrate to to become activated T cells and Plasma B cells?
- At what stage of development do T and B cells get their receptors?
A
- bone marrow, pre-T, or pre-B
- B, B, Ig receptors
- T, T, CD4 or CD8
- Secondary lymphatic tissues such as lymph nodes
- when they are naive before they get shipped out to secondary lymphatic tissues.
8
Q
- Receptor genes of B cells govern …………….. synthesis
- What are immunoglobins?
- The Specific B-Cell Receptor (Immunoglobulin) has a …… shape structure with ……… heavy chains and ……. light chains. The ends of the structure contain a wide range of variable antigen binding sites
- When the B cell receptor is secreted it is called an ………….. .
- B-cell receptors bind ………… antigens while T-cell receptors bind ………….. antigens together with the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them.
A
- immunoglobulin (Ig)
- large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells
- Y, 2, 2, variable antigen binding sites.
- antibody
- Free, processed
9
Q
- How do lymphocytes get activated?
2. - 5. How do B and T cells interact 4 steps?
A
- A helper CD-4 T cell binds the antigen of a B cell receptor and becomes either a memory B cell or a plasma cell.
- B cell finds an antigen that matches its receptors
- it waits to be activated by a CD4 T helper cell
- then the B cell divides to form memory B cells or plasma cells.
- the plasma cells produce antibodies that attach to the current type of invader
10
Q
- What are the 2 T-cell receptor types for antigens? Which is more common?
- What does CD stand for (in terms of T cells)?
- Where is CD 4 found? CD8?
- How do CD4 T-helper cells become activated?
A
- alpha-beta and gamma-delta chains. Alpha beta is more common
- Cluster of differentiation CD4 and CD8
- CD4 found on T-helper cells (binds w/B cells and T cells). CD8 found on cytotoxic T-cells binds with T-cells
- When it binds to a phagocytic cell that is displaying a an antigen on an MHC class II surface molecule
11
Q
- How do CD4 cells become activated?
2. What are the 4 types of CD4 T cells?
A
- When a phagocyte eats a bacteria and the bacterial antigens are expressed on the cell’s surface via MHC II, CD4 helper T cell binds the antigen, thus activating the CD4 helper T cell.
- Memory CD4 T cells, Helper CD4 T cells, Regulatory CD4 T cells, and T helper T 17 T cells
12
Q
- How do CD8 T cells become activated?
- What happens to the CD8 Cytotoxic T cell once it’s been activated?
- Cytotoxic T cells have what two components that kill target cells?
- Cytotoxic T cells can kill what 3 types of cells?
A
- CD8 Cytotoxic T cells must both bind host cell’s with MHC I presenting an antigen and a Helper CD4 T-cell.
- It differentiates into either Memory CD8 T cells or CD8 cytotoxic killer T cells.
- Perforins and granzymes
- virus-infected cells, bacterium, and cancer cells.
13
Q
- How do cells know a microbe is foreign?
- What is an epitope?
- Are there many epitopes on an antigen?
- What is a hapten?
A
- by its antigens and antigenicity (which is its properties of behaving as an antigen)
- An antigenic determinant which is a small group of molecules on an antigen that is recognized by lymphocytes
- yes, and each epitope may have a different antibody.
- small foreign molecules that consist only of a determinant group. Not antigenic unless attached to a larger carrier
14
Q
- What are superantigens?
- What is an allergen?
- What is an autoantigen?
A
- potent T cell stimulators; provoke an overwhelming immune response, sometimes killing the host.
- antigen that evokes allergic reactions
- molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate and an immune response is provoked.
15
Q
- which cells secrete cytokines (in the third line of defense), and in response to what?
- What do cytokines do?
- What two cell types are created from the activated B cell, and which type is more abundant?
- What happens to each type of cell after the infection has passed?
A
- helper T cells secrete cytokines when the helper T cell binds to a B cell that has bound an antigen.
- cytokines help activate the B cell which starts to make copies of itself
- memory cells and plasma cells. There are more plasma cells
- The plasma cells die off and the memory B cells continue on in the system to remember the specific antigen.
16
Q
- In what 4 ways do antibodies kill foreign cells?
- What is opsonization?
- What is Neutralization?
- What is Antibody tagging?
- What is Complement fixation?
A
- opsonization, neutralization, antibody tagging, and complement fixation.
- process of coating microorganisms or other particles with specific antibodies so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes
- Antibodies fill the surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a microbial enzyme to prevent it from attaching
- increases the rate of phagocytosis
- Activation of the classical complement pathway can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses
17
Q
- What are the 5 classes of immunoglobins?
- Which pentamer is the first made immunoglobin against a pathogen?
- Can IgM undergo affinity maturation/ isotype switching to get a better fit with the antigen? Does it serve as a B cell receptor?
- Which monomer is produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary), most prevalent
- Which monomer circulates in blood, is a dimer in mucous and serous secretions, found in GI and respiratory tract, passed to newborns in breast milk?
- Which monomer serves as a B-cell receptor for antigens on B cells?
- Which immunoglobin is involved in allergic responses and parasitic worm infections?
- Of all immunoglobins, which ones require class switching (Changes in Fc region of IgG)+
A
- IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
- IgM, pentamer
- yes , yes
- IgG
- IgA
- IgD
- IgE
- IgA, IgD, and IgE
18
Q
- What is the primary response?
- What is the secondary response?
- What is the anamnestic response
- What are monoclonal antibodies, and what can they be used for?
A
- after first exposure to an antigen, immune system produces IgM and a gradual increase in antibodies with the production of IgG.
- after second contact with the same antigen, immune system produces a more rapid, stronger response due to memory cells
- renewed rapid production of an antibody on the second or subsequent encounter with the same antigen.
- antibodies that originate from a single clone and are specific for a single antigen
• MABs can be used to engineer antibody- based drugs as therapies for different diseases
19
Q
- what is Active immunity?
- …………. ……………. is preformed antibodies donated to an individual; does not create memory, acts immediately, and is short term
- What is natural immunity?
- …………… …………. is acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine
A
- results when a person is challenged with antigen that stimulates production of antibodies; creates memory, takes time, and is lasting
- passive immunity
- acquired as part of normal life experiences
- artificial immunity
20
Q
- What are the 4 sources that vaccines are made from?
- What is attenuation?
- What are the disadvantages of attenuated cells?
- What is needed to create vaccines from antigenic molecules?
- Where can antigens be taken from?
A
- Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
- Live, attenuated cells or viruses
- Antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses
- Genetically engineered microbes or microbial agents
- Process that substantially lessens or negates the virulence of viruses or bacteria – eliminates virulence factors
- Require special storage, can be transmitted to other people, can conceivably mutate back to virulent strain
- Exact antigenic determinants can be used when known:
Capsules – pneumococcus, meningococcus
Surface protein – anthrax, hepatitis B
Exotoxins – diphtheria, tetanus - cultures, produced by genetic engineering, or synthesized
21
Q
- How do genetically engineered vaccines work?
- What is a “Trojan Horse” vaccine and give an example:
- What is a DNA vaccine and give some examples?
A
- Insert genes for pathogen’s antigen into plasmid vector, and clone them in an appropriate host
- A method of making genetically engineered vaccines. Genetic material from a pathogen is inserted into a live carrier nonpathogen;
– Experimental vaccines for AIDS, herpes simplex 2, leprosy, 53
tuberculosis - create recombination by inserting microbial DNA into plasmid vector. Human cells will pick up the plasmid and express the microbial DNA as proteins causing B and T cells to respond forming memory cells. Ex: Lyme disease, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria
22
Q
- What is herd immunity?
A
- concept that immune individuals will not harbor a pathogen, thus reducing the occurrence of pathogens. This makes it less likely that a nonimmunized person will encounter the pathogen.
