ch 14

Question 1

1. What are the 3 functions of a healthy functioning immune system:
2. ………… defenses are present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection.
3. …………… immunity specific, must be acquired
4. Name the physical, chemical, and genetic barriers of innate immunity:
5. name the first, second, and third lies of defense
6. Which lines of defense are nonspecific vs specific?

Answer 1

1. • Surveillance of the body
     - Recognition of foreign material
     - Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
2. innate
3. adaptive
4. Physical: skin, tears, coughing, and sneezing
   chemical: low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes
   genetic: resistance inherent to genetics of the host is: sickle cell carriers immune to malaria.
5. first: innate immunity (physical, chem, genetic barriers)
   second: innate immunity (phagocytosis, inflammation, and interferon)
   third: acquired immunity ( T-lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, antibodies).
6. 1st and 2nd are nonspecific, 3rd is specific.

Question 2

1. Name the physical barriers of the first line of defense:
2. How does mucous coating act as a defense?
3. How do nasal hairs act as defense?
4. Name the chemical barriers of the first line of defense:
5. As far as genetic defenses, which people are immune to plasmodium falciparum? Plasmodium vivax?

Answer 2

1. skin, tears, saliva, urine, mucous membranes (resp and digestive), normal resident flora
2. impedes pathogen adherence.
3. they trap larger particles
4. Sebaceous secretions, Lysozyme (tears), lactic acid and electrolyte concentration (sweat), Skin’s acidic pH, HCl in stomach, digestive juices/bile, Semen, Vaginal acidic pH
5. sickle cell carriers, those who lack duffy blood group

Question 3

1. What does the term nonself mean? Self?
2. What are PAMPS?
3. What are PRRs?
4. WBCs include ………….. and ……………. .
5. …………….. (Granulocytes/ Agranulocytes) are part of innate immunity and have the capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material.
6. ……………. are part of adaptive immunity and are used recognize and differentiate any foreign material.

Answer 3

1. foreign material. Normal cells of the body.
2. Pathogen Associated Patterns: molecules unique to groups of related microorganisms that are not associated with human cells.
3. Pathogen Recognition Receptors: receptors on WBCs for PAMPs
4. Leukocytes and lymphocytes
5. Leukocytes
6. Lymphocytes

Question 4

1. Blood is composed of what two parts?
2. Plasma is composed of what?
3. Name the protein components of plasma, and what they do:
4. What comprises the formed elements?

Answer 4

1. Plasma and Formed elements
2. Water, protein, and misc. solutes.
3. Albumins: regulate viscosity and osmolarity, Globulins: antibodies, Fibrinogen: clotting factors
4. platelets, WBCs and RBC

Question 5

1. From what cell do all blood cells arise from?
2. When hematopoetic stem cells begin to differentiate, what are its two offshoots?
3. What does the term totipotent refer to? Multipotent?
4. …………. are white blood cells. What are the two types and say whether they’re lobed or not.

Answer 5

1. Hematopoetic stem cells
2. common lymphoid progenitor that make adaptive immunity cells (T and B-lymphocytes)

common myeloid progenitor that make innate immune cells (agranulocytes and granulocytes

3. refers to embryonic stem cells which can differentiate into anything). Multipotent refers to hematopoetic stem cells, which can become any type of blood cell.
4. Leukocytes – Granulocytes: lobed nucleus
   Agranulocytes: unlobed, rounded nucleus

Question 6

1. • 4. Name the 4 types of granulocytes and what they do:

Answer 6

1. neutrophils: phagocytic, 1st on scene, most abundant.
2. eosinophils: destroy eukaryotic pathogens esp roundworms. IgE and allergy response
3. basophils: most rare cell type potent chemical mediators and IgE allergy response
4. Mast cells: nonmotile cells bound to connective tissue. Call to macrophages and participate in IgE mediated allergy response.

Question 7

1. • 3. Name the 3 types of agranulocytes.

Answer 7

1. Monocyte: earliest stage, precurser to macrophages and dendritic cells. Less phagocytic than other agranulocytes. Low- mid level ability to present antigens
2. Macrophage: final differentiation of monocytes
   More phagocytic
   Moderate ability to present antigens
3. Dendritic cells: trap pathogens and participate in immune reactions by “professional antigen presentation”
   Highly phagocytic
   Professional antigen presenting cells

Question 8

1. Lymphocytes are …………….. and are part of the innate and adaptive immune system. Name the lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune system:
2. Name the 2 lymphocytes that are part of the adaptive immunity, and which category they fall into:
3. What are the 2 types of B- lymphocytes?
4. What are the 4 types of T-lymphocytes?

Answer 8

1. Natural Killer T cells – kill pathogen infected cells
2. B-lymphocytes- humoral immunity and T lymphocytes- cell-mediated immunity
3. • Memory B cells provide long lasting immunity
     - Plasma B cells produce antibodies
4. • Cytolytic T cells - kill foreign cells
     - Helper T cells - modulate immune functions
     - T regulatory cells – down regulate the immune response
     - Memory T cells – long lived cells that will recognize pathogens later

Question 9

1. …………….. develop from bone marrow stem cells, no nucleus, simple biconcave sacs of hemoglobin.
2. …………. are formed elements in circulating blood that are not whole cells. They are necessary for blood clotting, particularly when any physical barrier in breached in the body

Answer 9

1. erythrocytes

2. Platelets

Question 10

1. -3. Name and briefly describe the 3 jobs of the lymphatic system:
2. How is lymph moved?
3. What direction does lymph flow? Can it flow backward?
4. What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphatic organs? Give examples of each:

Answer 10

1. Returns extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
2. Acts as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response
3. Transports immune cells
4. contraction of skeletal muscle
5. flow is one-direction – toward the heart – eventually returning to blood stream. No backflow
6. Primary: generates the lymphocytes and early immune cells
   - Red bone marrow
   - Thymus gland

Secondary: site of educating lymphocytes and immune cells

• Lymph nodes
• Spleen

Question 11

1. …… …….. ………. is the
   Site of blood cell production
   More bones in ………….. have red marrow and it …………. as we age
   Some ……….. ………. …….. mature here.
2. ………….. …………. is a
   bilobed gland found in the thoracic cavity superior to the heart
   …………. in children and ……….. as we age. Immature ………………. move from the marrow to the thymus where they mature;
   Site of ……… …… …………….. .

stopped on slide 23

Answer 11

1. Red bone marrow, children, decreases, white blood cells

2. Thymus gland, large, shrinks, T lymphocytes, T cell maturation

Question 12

1. Secondary lymphatic organs are sites of ………… ………….. ……………. .
2. Name the secondary lymphatic organs (3)
3. Name the aspects of the second line of defense (5)
4. Is the second line of defense innate or acquired?

Answer 12

1. antigen presentation/processing
2. Lymph nodes, spleen, and GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)
3. Recognition by innate immune cells, Inflammation
   Phagocytosis, Interferon, and Complement.
4. innate

Question 13

1. How do innate immune cells recognize pathogens?
2. Give an example of 3 pamps (things that would indicate a foreign entity):
3. Cells that express PRRs will secrete ……………… and …………… to alert the immune system.
4. What does a cytokine do and give an example:
5. What do chemokines do?

Answer 13

1. The PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) on host’s immune cells bind with PAMPs on invading cells.
2. lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and double stranded DNA).
3. cytokines and chemokines
4. alert the immune system to distinguish the type of infection (Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) after a binding peptidoglycan)
5. chemical signal that will induce chemotaxis of immune cells to the site of infection

Question 14

1. Name the 4 classic signs of inflammation:
2. What are the 2 types of chemical mediators of the inflammation response?
3. Give a couple examples of each type:

Answer 14

1. redness, warmth, swelling, pain.
2. vasoactive, and chemotactic actions (and mediators that do both)
3. Vasoactive: prostaglandins, histamine
   chemotactic: WBCs and platelet activating factor
   both: complement components, products of arachidonic acid metabolism

Question 15

1. What two ways can leukocytes migrate?
2. How is a fever initiated?
3. What are exogenous and endogenous pyrogens and how do they differ?
4. What are benefits of fever for the host?

Answer 15

1. diapedesis (migration out of blood vessels and into tissues), and chemotaxis ( migration in response to chemokines)
2. by circulating pyrogens that signal the hypothalamus and skeletal muscles to increase temp and vasoconstriction.
3. Factors that incite fever either for the benefit of the infectious agent or the defense of the host

Exogenous pyrogens – products of infectious agents

Endogenous pyrogens – liberated by host’s WBCs and defenses.

4. inhibits microbial multiplication, Impedes nutrition by reducing iron, and stimulates immune reactions

Question 16

1. What are 3 main activities of phagocytes?

2. Which immune cells are phagocytic (4)?

Answer 16

1. survey tissue to find microbes, particulate matter, and dead/injured cells

To ingest and eliminate these materials

To extract immunogenic information from foreign matter to present to other immune cells

2. macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes

Question 17

1. What is interferon?
2. What are the 3 types of interferon and which types of cells produce each type?
3. How does interferon work?

Answer 17

1. Small protein produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells
2. Interferon alpha – (lymphocytes and macrophages)

Interferon beta – (fibroblasts and epithelial cells)

Interferon gamma – (T cells)

3. Produced in response to viruses, RNA, immune products, and various antigens, they bind to cell surfaces and induce expression of antiviral proteins and inhibit expression of cancer genes

Question 18

1. What is complement?
2. What are the 3 Major Pathways and briefly explain what triggers each:
3. What is opsonization and how does it work?

Answer 18

1. Consists blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and viruses
2. Classical – activated by the presence of antibodies bound to microorganisms

Lectin pathway – nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds mannan

Alternative – begins when complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and surface components of microorganisms

4. binding of antibodies or complement proteins to infected cells or directly to the microbes.

increases the rate of phagocytosis, increases antigen presentation, and increases clearance of the microbe

Question 19

1. In what 3 ways does complement work?

2. What is a MAC?

Answer 19

1. recruits phagocytes, opsonizes pathogens, and forms MACs

2. complement proteins 1-9 get together to make a hole in bacteria and viruses that causes them to burst.