ch 20

Question 1

1. What do the large, diverse group of aerobic, gram-negative bacilli all have in common?
2. Name three groups of aerobic, gram-negative, non-enteric bacilli (and what types of pathogens each are).

Answer 1

1. they don’t form spores, all have outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin).
2. Pseudomonas: oportunistic pathogens

Francisella: zoonotic pathogens

Bordetella and Legionella: human pathogens

Question 2

1. Name an important decomposer / bioremediator:
2. what is Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s reservoir:
3. Is it aerobic? Does it ferment carbohydrates?
4. What 2 enzymes does it produce?
5. Intestinal resident to what percent of people?
6. What is it resistant to?
7. What types of things does it frequently contaminate?

Answer 2

1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2. soil and water
3. aerobic, doesn’t ferment carbs.
4. oxidase and catalase
5. 10%
6. soaps, dyes, quats, drugs and drying
7. ventilators, IV solutions, and anesthesia equipment

Question 3

1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly causes nosocomial infections in hosts with what types of issues?
2. What type of complications does it cause?
3. What types of complications result from a deeper infection?
4. What color is it, and what odor does it have?
5. Is it resistant to many drugs?

Answer 3

1. Cystic fibrosis (most important), burns and neoplastic disease
2. pneumonia, UTI, abscesses, otitis, and corneal disease
3. endocarditis, meningitis, and bronchopneumonia
4. greenish-blue pigment, and grape-like odor
5. yes

Question 4

1. Name 2 gram-negative aerobic rods related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
2. do either acinetobacter or stenotrophomonas ferment sugars?
3. are either motile? do they produce oxidase?

Answer 4

1. Acinetobacter & Stenotrophomonas
2. no
3. yes, yes

Question 5

1. Is Acinetobacter baumanii acquired nosocomially or in the community?
2. Where do infections start?
3. How resistant is Acinetobacter baumanii, and how is it treated?
4. what is the most recent rsistant strain that is appearing?

Answer 5

1. both
2. in wounds, urinary tract, lungs, and blood
3. very resistant to many drugs. Needs combination of antimicrobials
4. Carbapenem-Resistant strains

Question 6

1. Are Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections nosocomially or community acquired?
2. What does it form, and where can it contaminate (unique place)?
3. What equipment does it contaminate?
4. Is it resistant to many drugs?

Answer 6

1. both
2. forms biofilms, contaminates disinfectants (including anti-microbial soaps).
3. dialysis equipment, respiratory equipment, catheters, and water dispensers
4. yes

Question 7

1. Francisella tularensis Causes ……………, a zoonotic disease of mammals endemic to the northern hemisphere, particularly …………, known as …………. fever.
2. Tularemia is a rare, but highly infectious disease that can attack the (6):
3. How is Tularemia transmitted?
4. What is the mortality rate if this bug goes systemic or pulmonic?
5. Is there a vaccine for this bug? What type?
6. could this be a bioterrorism agent?

Answer 7

1. tularemia, rabbits “rabbit fever”
2. skin, eyes, lymph nodes, lungs and, less often, other internal organs
3. contact with infected animals, water, dust of contaminated soil, and mosquito bites (vectors)
4. 10% mortality rate
5. yes, attenuated
6. yes

Question 8

1. What disease does Bordetella pertussis cause, and what is its reservoir?
2. What is its morphology?
3. For what population is this life-threatening?
4. How is it transmitted?
5. What are the virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis?
6. What happens to the host with whooping cough?
7. Is there a vaccine, and what type?

Answer 8

1. whooping cough (an acute respiratory syndrome). Reservoir is apparently healthy carriers
2. Minute, encapsulated coccobacillus
3. babies
4. by direct contact or inhalation of aerosols
5. Receptors that recognize and bind to ciliated respiratory cells, and
   Toxins that destroy and dislodge ciliated cells
6. respiratory cilia are incapacitated leading to mucus buildup and airway blockage.
7. DTaP – acellular vaccine

Question 9

1. What diseases does Legionella pneumophila cause? Is it communicable? Nosocomial?
2. With what bug does this live in close association?
3. What is the source of Legionella pneumophila?
4. What is the treatment?

start at slide 15

Answer 9

1. Legionellosis, legionaires, and pontiac fever. Not communicable. Nosocomial in elderly patients
2. amoebas
3. contaminated hot tubs, cooling towers, hot water tanks, plumbing systems, and decorative fountains
4. azithromycin

Question 10

1. Name the 3 primary pathogens of the enteric bacteria:
2. Name the 5 oportunistic pathogens of the enteric bacteria:
3. Name the 2 enteric bacteria that can be either primary or oportunistic pathogens:
4. This family is non-……. ……., gram …………., …….. shape.
5. all enterobacteria …………… glucose, reduce nitrates to …………., are oxidase ……….., and catalase …………. .
6. What is the O2 requirement of all enterics?
7. are divided into coliforms and non-coliforms. What are coliforms?

Answer 10

1. shigella, salmonella, and yersinia
2. proteus, serratia, enterobacter, morganlla, and providencia
3. escherichia coli, and klebsiella pneumoniae
4. non-spore forming, gram negative, rods.
5. ferment , nitrites,
   oxidase negative,
   catalase positive.
6. facultative anaerobes (grow best in air).
7. coliforms ferment lactose, and non-coliforms do not.

Question 11

1. • 5. Name the 5 surface antigens of enteric bacteria that serve as virulence factors:
2. Name the 4 F’s of fecal oral transmission:

Answer 11

1. H- flagellar Ag
2. K- capsule and or fimbrial Ag
3. O- soamtic or cell wall Ag
4. Endotoxins
5. Exotoxins
6. fluids, fields or floors), flies, and fingers. All of these bring the bacteria onto our food.

Question 12

1. Name the most prevalent enteric bacteria:
2. How many strains of it are there? Some have developed virulence through ……… ……… others are …………. .
3. Causes ……..% of traveler’s diarrhea
   Causes ……….% of UTIs
4. Pathogenic strains are frequent agents of infantile – greatest cause of ………… among babies.

Answer 12

1. E. coli
2. 150, plasmid transfer, opportunists
3. ~70%, 50-80%
4. diarrhea, mortality

Question 13

1.- 4. Name and briefly describe 4 pathogenic strains of e. coli:

Answer 13

1. enterotoxigenic: heat-labile and heat-stable toxin. Travelers diarrhea
2. enteroinvasive: causes inflammatory disease of the large intestine
   (Enteroinvasive dysentery similar to Shigella dysentery)
3. enteropathogenic: linked to wasting form infantile diarrhea
4. enterohemorrhagic, causes hemorrhagic syndrome and kidney damage. Shiga toxin.

Question 14

1. Name the opportunistic coliform that is a normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract, has large capsule, cause of nosocomial pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, wound infections, and UTIs:
2. Name the opportunistic coliform that causes UTIs and infects surgical wounds:
3. Name the opportunistic coliform that causes UTIs and bacteremia:
4. Name the opportunistic coliform that produces a red pigment; causes pneumonia, burn and wound infections, septicemia and meningitis

Answer 14

1. Klebsiella pneumoniae –
2. enterobacter
3. Citrobacter
4. Serratia marcescens

Question 15

1. What is the most serious pathogen of the thyphoids?
2. What does salmonella typhi cause? Can it survive outside of the host?
3. What is it resistant to?
4. How do the bacillus enter the host?
5. Are there asymptomatic carriers? From what organ do chronic carriers shed the disease?
6. Where do the bacilli adhere to, and what happens next?

Answer 15

1. Salmonella typhi
2. typhoid fever, yes
3. bile and dyes
4. ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water; occasionally spread by close personal contact
5. yes, the gallbladder
6. Bacilli adhere to small intestine, cause invasive diarrhea that leads to septicemia

Question 16

1. Salmonelloses other than typhoid fever are called enteric …….. , ………. food poisoning, and …………. .
2. Usually less ………. than typhoid fever but more ……….. .
3. Enteric fevers are caused by one of many serotypes of ……… ………….. ; all ………… in origin but humans can become ………. .

Answer 16

1. enteric fevers, Salmonella, gastroenteritis
2. severe, prevalent
3. Salmonella enteritidis, zoonotic, carriers.

Question 17

1. What does shigella cause, and what are its symptoms?
2. Is this mainly a human pathogen? Can it infect apes?
3. What is its virulence factor, and what does it do?
4. what is its site of infection?

Answer 17

1. shigellosis an incapacitating dysentery
   Crippling abdominal cramps
   Frequent defecation of watery stool filled with mucus and blood
2. yes and yes
3. Shiga-toxin
   Injures nerve cells, the intestine, and kidneys
4. Mucosa of the large intestines

Question 18

1. Yersinia pestis is ……………., it is gram-…………, with unusual bipolar staining and capsules.
2. what are its virulence factors?
3. what is yersinia pestis known for causing? How many people did it kill?
4. what does it come from? What is the mortality rate if left untreated?

Answer 18

1. nonenteric, negative
2. capsular and envelope proteins protect against phagocytosis and foster intracellular growth
   Coagulase
   Endotoxin
   Murine toxin –
3. Bubonic Plauge aka black death, 25 million people, 30-60% of the European population
4. fleas, 50-50% mortality rate

Question 19

1. What is the ID of the plague?
2. What are the 3 types and which is most dangerous?
3. What makes the plague a possible biological weapon?

Answer 19

1. 3-50 bacilli
2. bubonic (causes bubo), septicemic (subcutaneous hemorrhage), pneumonic (most dangerous).
3. widespread availability of y. pestis in microbe banks, high fatality rate, secondary spread from person to person, can be aerosolized, low ID

Question 20

1. What is the morphology of Haemophilus?
2. What 2 types of haemophilus are there?
3. What diseases does H. influenzae cause?
4. What diseases does H aegyptius cause?

Answer 20

1. Tiny gram-negative pleomorphic rods
2. H. influenzae and H. aegyptius
3. bacterial meningitis, epiglottitis, otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, and bronchitis
4. pink eye