ch 21

Question 1

1. Name 2 spirochetes that are Free living saprobes, or commensals of animals, not primary pathogens:
2. Are these gram-positive or negative?
3. What disease does Treponema cause?
4. What is the natural host of syphilis?
5. Can treponema survive outside of the host for long periods of time? Is it sensitive?
6. Is syphilis transplacental?

Answer 1

1. Treponema and Borrelia
2. Gram-negative
3. Syphilis
4. humans
5. No can’t survive. Very sensitive
6. yes

Question 2

1. In primary syphilis, spirochete binds to the epithelium, multiplies, and forms a ………….. .
2. Is fluid from the chancre highly contagious?
3. What happens after 3-6 weeks of primary syphilis?

Answer 2

1. chancre
2. yes
3. the chancre spontaneously heals as the spirochete moves into the blood

Question 3

1.-3.What happens in secondary syphilis?

Answer 3

1. Spirochete is multiplying in the bloodstream
2. Rash forms on the skin, palms and soles with fever, headache and sore throat
3. The rash disappears spontaneously

Question 4

1. What are the symptoms of tertiary syphilis?

2. What is a gumma?

Answer 4

1. difficulty moving arms and legs, paralysis, numbness, blindness, and heart disease.
2. is a soft, tumor-like growth of the tissues (granuloma) Macrophages attempting to clear the spirochete wall off the bacteria

Question 5

1. Nearly …….. of all children infected with syphilis while they are in the womb die shortly before or after birth.
2. Symptoms of syphilis in newborns may include:
3. What is the treatment?

Answer 5

1. half
2. failure to thrive, Fever, Irritability, No bridge to nose (saddle nose), Rash of the mouth, genitals, and anus
3. penicillin

Question 6

1. Of the genus Borrelia, what disease is caused and what is the exact name of the species??
2. How would you describe Borrelioses?
3. How are Borrelioses transmitted?

Answer 6

1. Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi
2. Large spirochetes with 3-10 coils irregularly spaced
3. an arthropod vector (tick)

Question 7

1. Describe Lyme’s disease:
2. Name a trademark sign that 50-70% of people get:
3. What symptoms can appear?
4. If untreated, what can develop?
5. What is the treatment?

Answer 7

1. Nonfatal, slowly progressive syndrome that mimics neuromuscular and rheumatoid conditions
2. bulls eye rash
3. Fever, headache, stiff neck, and dizziness
4. If untreated can progress to cardiac and neurological symptoms, polyarthritis
5. Treated with tetracycline or amoxicillin

Question 8

1. Name and describe 2 curviform bacteria that generally cause enteric diseases:
2. Are they gram positive or negative?

Answer 8

1. Campylobacter – short spirals or curved rods; one flagellum

Helicobacter – spirochete with tight spirals and several polar flagella

2. gram negative

Question 9

1. What is the most important bacteria of the Campylobacter genus?
2. What type of flagella does it have?
3. Where are they common residents of?
4. What does Campylobacter jejuni cause, and how is it transmitted?
5. Where does it adhere to?
6. What type of toxin does it release?
7. What are the symptoms?
8. What is treatment?

Answer 9

1. Campylobacter jejuni
2. polar
3. the intestinal tract, genitourinary tract, the oral cavity of birds and mammals
4. bacterial gastroenteritis, via food and beverage
5. last segment of small intestine near colon; adhere, burrow through mucus and multiply
6. Heat-labile enterotoxin Camphylobacter jenjuni toxin (CJT)
7. headache, fever, abdominal pain, bloody or watery diarrhea
8. Treatment with rehydration and electrolyte balance therapy

Question 10

1. Name the gastric pathogen discovered in 1979 that causes stomach ulcers and is a cofactor in stomach cancer
2. People with type ….. blood have a 1.5-2X higher rate of ulcers

Answer 10

1. Helicobacter pylori

2. O

Question 11

1. blood Type A-
   Has …. antigens on RBC cell surface
   Makes … antibodies
2. blood Type B
   Has … antigens on RBC cell surface
   Makes … antibodies
3. Type AB
   Has … and … antigens on RBC cell surface
   Makes … antibodies
4. Type O
   Has … antigens on RBC cell surface
   Makes … and … antibodies

Answer 11

1. A, B
2. B, A
3. A and B, no antibodies
4. no antigens, A and B

Question 12

1. Name the 3 medically important bacteria similar in morphology, pathogenicity, but are unrelated:
2. Describe Family Rickettsiaceae:
3. Describe Family Chlamydiaceae
4. Describe Mycoplasmas:

Answer 12

1. family rickettsiaceae, family chlamydiaceae, and mycoplasmas
2. • intracellular pathogens that rely on an arthropod vector
3. intracellular pathogens that alternate between elementary and reticulate bodies
4. lack a cell wall and are highly pleomorphic

Question 13

1. Rickettsia genus a are small obligate intercellular …………… with a gram-………….. cell wall.
2. Rickettsia genus are nonmotile, pleomorphic ………. or …………….. .
3. What types of insects are involved in their life cycle?
4. when bacteria enter the endothelial cells what do they cause?
5. Name the bacteria of this genus that is responsible for the most common rickettsial infection in North America, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and from what insect is it transmitted?
6. What are the First symptoms of rickettsia rickettsii?
7. what can happen if left untreated?

Answer 13

1. parasites, negative
2. rods or coccobacilli
3. Ticks, fleas, and lice
4. necrosis of the vascular lining – vasculitis, vascular leakage, and thrombosis
5. Rickettsia rickettsii, ticks.
6. are fever, chills, headache and a spotted rash appears in days
7. Central nervous system can become involved and fatality rates are 20% if untreated

Question 14

1. Name the 2 types of Chlamydia trachomatis that can infect humans:
2. ……………. attacks the mucous membranes of the eyes, genitourinary tract, and lungs
3. What are the 3 types of trachoma:
4. ……………….. disfiguring disease of the external genitalia and pelvic lymphatics

Answer 14

1. Trachoma, and Lymphogranuloma venereum
2. Trachoma

3.Ocular trachoma,
Inclusion conjunctivitis,
and STD (2nd most prevalent STD)

3. Lymphogranuloma venereum

Question 15

1. ……………. primary atypical pneumonia; pathogen slowly spreads over interior respiratory surfaces, causing fever, chest pain, and sore throat
2. What is a common name for this sickness?
3. How is mycoplasma pneumoniae acquired?

Answer 15

1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2. walking pneumoniae
3. community acquired

Question 16

1. Oral cavity is a complex, dynamic ecosystem, containing ………. species
2. Name the 4 steps in the process of development of dental carries:

Answer 16

1. 400
2. colonization of slime forming species (streptococcus and actinomyces)
3. formation of dental plaque
4. secondary invaders appear
5. Fermentation of carbohydrates leads to acid production which dissolves tooth enamel leading to caries and tooth damage

Question 17

1. What is periodontal disease? Describe the process:

Answer 17

1. Soft tissue disease
   When plaque becomes calcified into calculus above and below the gingiva, causing gingivitis.

Pockets between tooth and gingiva are invaded by bacteria (spirochetes and gram-negative bacilli)

Tooth socket may be involved (peridontitis)

Tooth may be lost