Ch 15 Female Reproductive System Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
T or F. Ova develop during fetal life.
A
True
2
Q
Menstrual cycle is typically __ days.
A
28
3
Q
T or F. The vagina is muscular.
A
True
4
Q
What are 4 main female reproductive structures?
A
- Ovaries
- Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
5
Q
What are the 2 hormones secreted by the ovaries?
A
- Estrogen
2. Progesterone
6
Q
What is the purpose of the uterus?
A
Fertilization of egg and nourishment of fetus
7
Q
What are other female reproductive structures?
A
- vulva (external genitalia)
- perineum
- mammary glands (breasts)
8
Q
episiotomy
A
incision of the perineum
9
Q
gyn/o, gynec/o
A
woman
10
Q
men/o, mens
A
month, menstruation
11
Q
oo
A
ovum, egg cell
12
Q
ov/o, ovul/o
A
ovum, egg cell
13
Q
ovari/o
A
ovary
14
Q
oophor/o
A
ovary
15
Q
salping/o
A
oviduct, tube
16
Q
uter/o
A
uterus
17
Q
metr/o, metr/i
A
uterus
18
Q
hyster/o
A
uterus
19
Q
BSO
A
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
20
Q
cervic/o
A
cervix
21
Q
vagin/o
A
vagina
22
Q
colp/o
A
vagina
23
Q
vulv/o
A
vulva
24
Q
episi/o
A
vulva
25
perine/o
perineum
26
clitor/o, clitorid/o
clitoris
27
mamm/o
breast
28
mast/o
breast
29
amnio
amnion, amniotic sac
30
embry/o
embryo
31
fet/o
fetus
32
toc/o
labor
33
nat/i
birth
34
lact/o
milk
35
galact/o
milk
36
gravida
pregnant woman
37
para
woman who has given birth (500 g or more or over 20 weeks gestation) regardless of whether infant is alive at birth or whether the birth is single or multiple
38
bradytocia
condition of slow labor
39
The menstrual cycle has __ stages, usually lasting __ days.
3 stages, 28 days
40
How many days does the menstrual phase last?
5 days
41
What happens in the menstrual phase?
Endometrial lining is shed
42
How many days does the proliferative phase?
10 days
43
The ______ causes several ova (about 20) and their surrounding follicles to start developing; only one continues to develop
The follicle-stimulating hormone causes several ova (about 20) and their surrounding follicles to start developing; only one continues to develop
44
The follicle starts secreting estrogens which leads to the ____ of the endometrium
thickening
45
In the proliferative phase, the luteinizing hormone increases and induces ______.
ovulation
46
During the proliferative phase, the cervical mucus becomes ____ which allows sperm through.
thin
47
Ovulation occurs between the ____ and ____ phases.
proliferative and secretory phases
48
During the secretory phase, the ______ ruptures, the _____ is released and starts traveling to the uterus via _____.
mature follicle, ovum, fallopian tube
49
During the secretory phase, the luteinizing hormone causes the ruptured follicle to change into the _____.
corpus luteum
50
The corpus luteum secretes ____ and ____.
estrogen and progesterone
51
T or F. The corpus luteum is maintained only if fertilization occurs.
True.
52
DJB
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
53
Breast cancer metastasizes easily through the ____ system.
Lymph system
54
What are the 3 types of mastectomy?
radical, modified radical, segmental (lumpectomy)
55
Mastectomy during which the breast, muscles and axillary lymph nodes are removed.
Radical
56
Mastectomy during which the breast and axillary lymph nodes are removed.
Modified radical
57
Mastectomy during which just the tumor is removed
Segmental (lumpectomy)
58
What type of biopsy is done to access the spread of breast cancer>
sentinal node biopsy
59
Fertilization normally occurs in the _______.
fallopian tubes
60
A _____ is formed from an egg and sperm.
zygote
61
Where does the zygote implant?
endometrium
62
The zygote becomes an ___ and after two months becomes a _____.
embryo, fetus
63
Placenta is formed from the ___ and the ____.
chorion, endometrium
64
The outermost layer of the embryo
chorion
65
What is the purpose of the placenta?
nourishment of the fetus
66
The __ links the fetus to the placenta.
umbilical cord
67
T or F. Childbirth is also called parturition.
True.
68
What are the 3 stages of childbirth?
1. onset of contractions and cervical dilation
2. expulsion of fetus
3. delivery of placenta
69
The simple assessment to determine the general health of a baby after childbirth.
Apgar scores
70
A woman who has been pregnant; Indicates the number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of whether these pregnancies were carried to term.
gravida
71
A woman who has given birth to one or more infants.
para
72
Para can be divided into what 4 sections?
term deliveries, preterm, abortions and living children (TPAL)
73
What are the five factors assessed for Apgar scores?
1. appearance
2. pulse
3. grimace response
4. activity
5. respiration
74
T or F. Ovaries are held by ligaments in the pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus
T
75
The eggs, or female gametes, develop within the _____
ovaries
76
The cluster of cells within which ova ripen
graafian follicle
77
T or F. At the time of ovulation, all ova is released from the ovary.
False. At the time of ovulation, usually only one ovum is released from the ovary and the remainder of the ripening
ova degenerate.
78
The follicle remains behind and continues to function for ___ if there is no fertilization of the ovum and __ if the ovum is fertilized
2 weeks, 2 months
79
After ovulaton, the ovum travels into an ___
oviduct, also called the uterine or fallopian tube
80
One of the two tubes attached to the upper lateral portions of the uterus
oviduct
81
These tubes arch above the ovaries and have ___ that sweep the released ovum into the oviduct
fimbriae
82
Finger-like projections
fimbriae
83
Fertilization usually occurs in the _____
oviduct
84
The organ that nourishes the developing offspring
uterus
85
What makes up the uterus?
1. upper rounded fundus
2. triangular cavity
3. lower narrow cervix that projects into the vagina
FUN TRI CAV CERV
86
What shape is the uterus?
pear-shaped
87
The innermost layer of
| the uterine wall that receives the fertilized ovum and becomes part of the placenta during pregnancy
endometrium
88
T or F. The endometrium is rich in blood sipply
True
89
Shed during the menstrual period if no fertilization occurs
endometrium
90
The muscle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
91
Muscular tube that receives the penis during intercourse, functions as a birth canal, and
transports the menstrual flow out of the body
vagina
92
All of the external female genital organs including the labia majora and labia minora
vulva
93
The large outer labia; the two large folds of skin that form the sides of the vulva
labia majora
94
The small inner labia; the two small folds of skin within the labia majora
labia minora
95
Enclose the openings of the vagina and the urethra
labia
96
Anterior to the urethral opening; similar in origin to the penis and responds to sexual stimulation
clitoris
97
The region between the thighs from the external genital organs to the anus
perineum
98
Incision made during childbirth between the vagina and the anus to facilitate birth and prevent the tearing of tissue
episiotomy
99
Should technically be a perineotomy in terms of medical terminology, but is an exception to the rule
episiotomy; episi/o is the root for vulva
100
Composed mainly of glandular tissue and fat amd provide nourishment for the newborn
mammary glands or breasts
101
Milk secreted by the glands is carried in ducts to the ____
nipple
102
The first menstrual period
menarche
103
Reproductive activity in the female normally begins during puberty with this event
menarche
104
The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones from the _____ gland
anterior pituitary gland
105
____ hormone begins the cycle
FSH
106
The FSH begins the menstrual cycle by causing the ___ to ripen in the graafian follicle
ovum
107
The follicle secretes ___, a hormone that starts development of the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized egg
estrogen
108
This hormone then triggers ovulation and conversion of the follicle to the corpus luteum
LH
109
Structure left behind in the ovary that secretes progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum
110
Progesterone and estrogen further the ___ of the endometrium
growth
111
What happens if no fertilization occurs?
1. hormone levels decline
| 2. endometrium sloughs off in the menstruation process
112
Steps in the menstrual cycle
FSH: ovum ripes in graafian follicle > graafian follicle secretes estrogen > endometrium starts developing > LH: ovulation > graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum > corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen > endometrium continues growing > no fertilzation > hormone levels decline > endometrium sheds > menstuation
113
First day of menstruation is considered day _ while ovulation occurring on about day _
day 1 and day 14
114
Throughout the menstrual cycle, ___ and ___ feed back to the pituitary to regulate the production of FSH and LH
estrogen and progesterone
115
Birth control act by supplying estrogen and progesterone. This inhibits the ___ and prevents ___.
pituitary, ovulation
116
T or F. Birth control interferes with menstruation.
False
117
Cessation of monthly menstrual cycles
menopause
118
When does menopause generally occur?
between the ages of 45 and 55 years
119
Levels of reprroductive hormones decline, and egg cells in the ovaries gradually degenerate
menopause
120
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
121
The use of artificial methods to prevent fertilization of the ovum or its implantation in the
uterus
contraception
122
List the different methods of contraception
1. block sperm penetration of the uterus - condoms
2. prevent implantation - IUDs
3. prevent ovulation - birth control pill
123
Surgical sterilization for females
tubal ligation
124
When an ovulated egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell
fertilization
125
The nuclei of the sperm and egg cells fuse, restoring the ___ number and forming a ___
chromosome, zygote
126
Steps in fertilization
egg cell penetrated by sperm cell > fertilization > nuclei fuse > chromosome number restored > zygote formed > travels through oviduct > divides rapidly > 6 to 7 days > fertilized egg reaches uterus > implants into the endometrium > embryo develops
127
All of the major body systems are established within the first __ weeks of growth.
8
128
Embryonic tissue produces ____, a hormone that keeps the corpus luteum functional in the ovary to maintain the endometrium
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
129
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
130
T or F. The presence of HCG in urine is the basis for the most commonly used pregnancy tests
T
131
After 2 months, ____ hormones take over endometrium maintenance and the corpus luteum degenerates
placental hormones
132
When the corpus luteum degenerates, the embryo becomes a ____
fetus
133
During development, the fetus is nourished by the ____
placenta
134
An organ formed from the chorion and the endometrium
placenta
135
The outermost layer of the embryo
chorion
136
Exchanges take place between the bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus through ___
fetal capillaries
137
Contains the blood vessels that link the fetus to the placenta
umbilical cord
138
Fetal blood is carried to
| the placenta in two _____o
umbilical arteries
139
While traveling through the placenta, the blood picks up ___ and ___ and gives up ___ and ___
nutrients and oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
140
Restored blood is carried from the placenta to the fetus in a single _____
umbilical vein
141
T or F. The bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus don't mix
True
142
Fetal proteins an enter the mother's blood and cause ____
immunologic reactions
143
The period of development
gestation
144
The fetus is cushioned and protected by fluid contained in the amniotic sac
gestation
145
The membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; sac rupturs at birth
amniotic sac (amnion)
146
T or F. Lungs aren't needed to oxygenate the blood in a fetus
T
147
A small hole in the septum between the atria
foramen ovale
148
Steps in fetal circulation
blood from placenta enters right atrium > foramen ovale allows blood to go into left atrium > bypasses the pulmonary artery > blood pumped out of the right ventricle > directly into the aorta through ductus arteriosus
149
Short vessel that connects the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta
ductus arteriosus
150
The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus ___ at birth when the pulmonary circuit is established
close
151
Failure to close hampers the work of the heart and requires ___
medical attention
152
What is the length of pregnancy from fertilization of the ovum to birth?
38 weeks or 266 days
153
LMP
last menstrual period
154
In practice, pregnancy is calculated as __ days or __ weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period
280 days or 40 weeks
155
Pregnancy is divided into 3-month periods called _____ during which defined changes can be observed in the fetus
trimesters
156
Childbirth is also known as _____
parturition
157
The hormone ____ from the posterior pituitary gland and ___ are involved in starting labor
oxytocin and prostaglandins
158
The secretion of milk from the breasts
lactation
159
What hormones start lactation?
prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland and hormones from the placenta
160
The release of milk is stimulated by ____
suckling
161
For the first few days after delivery, only ____ is produced, which has a slightly different composition
than milk, but like the milk, it has protective antibodies
colostrum
162
The small yellow structure that develops from the graafian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum
163
A group of hormones that produces female characteristics and prepares
the uterus for the fertilized egg.
estrogen
164
What is the most active of estrogens?
estradiol
165
In the female, it stimulates ripening of the eggs in the ovary
FSH
166
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
LH
167
The cyclic discharge of blood and mucosal tissues from the lining of the nonpregnant uterus
menstruation
168
The union of an ovum and a spermatozoon
fertilization
169
```
A pituitary hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus. It also
stimulates release (“letdown”) of milk from the breasts.
```
oxytocin
170
A group of hormones with varied effects, including the stimulation of
uterine contractions
prostaglandins
171
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
172
Menstrual abnormalities collectively
DUB
173
PIH
pregancy induced hypertension, also known as pre-eclampsia or toxemia
174
Development of a fertilized egg outside of its normal position in the uterine cavity
ectopic pregnancy
175
loss of an embryo or fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy or before a weight of 500 g
abortion
176
Most common cause of spontaneous abortions
fetal abnormalities
177
D&E
dilatation and evacuation
178
Common method for inducing an abortion in which the cervix is dilated and the fetal tissue is removed by suction
D&E
179
The placenta attaches near or over the cervix instead of in the upper portion of the uterus
placenta previa
180
Premature separation of the placenta from its point of attachment
placental abruption
181
What are the two categories of congenital disorders?
1. development disorders
| 2. hereditary disorders
182
Disorders that occur during growth of the fetus
developmental
183
Disorders that can be passed from parents to children through the germ cells
hereditary
184
an individual who has a genetic defect that does not appear but that can
be passed to offspring
carrier
185
factors that cause malformation of the developing fetus such as herpes simplex, alcohol, drugs, chemicals, etc
teratogens
186
The fetus
| is most susceptible to teratogenic effects during the first __ months of pregnancy
3
187
both the spinal cord and membranes herniate through the defect
myelomeningocele
188
congenital absence of a brain
anencephaly
189
Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening
atresia
190
Convulsions and coma occurring during pregnancy or after delivery and associated with the conditions of pregnancy-induced hypertension
eclampsia
191
Procedure in which the cervix is dilated (widened) and the lining of the uterus is scraped with a curette
D&C dilation and curettage
192
CVS
chorionic villus sampling
193
Appendages, such as the adnexa uteri—the ovaries, oviducts, and
uterine ligaments
adnexa
194
A blind pouch, such as the recess between the rectum and the uterus;
the rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas
cul de sac
195
An archlike space, such as the space between the uppermost wall of the vagina and the cervix
fornix
196
A small mucus-secreting gland on the side of the vestibule near the vaginal opening; also called Bartholin gland
greater vestibular gland
197
The rounded, fleshy elevation in front of the pubic joint that is covered with hair after puberty
mons pubis
198
An immature ovum
oocyte
199
The period immediately before and after menopause
perimenopause
200
The space between the labia minora that contains the openings of the
urethra, vagina, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands
vestibule
201
The placenta and membranes delivered after birth of a child
afterbirth
202
A membrane-covered space between cranial bones in the fetus that later becomes ossified; a soft spot.
fontanel
203
The first feces of the newborn
meconium
204
Occurring before the 37th week of gestation; describing an infant
born before the 37th week of gestation
preterm
205
The period of 42 days after childbirth, during which the mother’s
reproductive organs usually return to normal
puerperium
206
The cheeselike deposit that covers and protects the fetus
vernix caseosa
207
Benign tumor of smooth muscle. In the uterus, may cause bleeding
and pressure on the bladder or rectum.
leiomyoma
208
A deficiency of amniotic fluid
oligohydramnios
209
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
210
The first lymph nodes to receive drainage from a tumor. Biopsy of these nodes is used to determine spread of cancer in planning treatment.
sentinel nodese
211
A fetal protein that may be at an elevated level in amniotic fluid and
maternal serum in cases of certain fetal disorders
alpha feto-protein (AFP)
212
Puncture of the vaginal wall to sample fluid from the rectouterine space for diagnosis
culdocentesis
213
IVF
in vitro fertilization
214
Term describing the part of the fetus that can be felt by vaginal or rectal examination.
presentation
215
In ___ presentation, head presents first. In ___ presentation, the buttocks present first.
Vertex, breech
216
CIN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
217
BSO
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
218
TAH
Total abdominal hysterectomy
219
TSS
toxic shock syndrome
220
AGA
Appropriate for gestational age
221
AI
artificial insemination
222
ECMO
Extracorporeal membrane
| oxygenation
223
FHR
fetal heart rate
224
FTND
full term normal delivery
225
FTP
full term pregnancy
226
LMP
last menstrual period
227
NB
newborn
228
SVD
spontaneous vaginal delivery
229
UC
uterine contractions
230
UTP
uterine term pregnancy
231
VBAC
vaginal birth after cesarean section
