Ch 17 The Nervous System Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
The ___ system and the endocrine system coordinate and control the body; regulate our responses to the environment and maintain homeostasis
A
nervous
2
Q
While the endocrine system functions by hormones, the nervous system functions by ____
A
electric impulses
3
Q
How is the nervous system divided?
A
- central nervous system (CNS)
2. peripheral nervous system (PNS)
4
Q
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
A
CNS
5
Q
Consists of all nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
A
PNS
6
Q
What is another way the nervous system can be divided?
A
- somatic nervous system
2. autonomic (or visceral) nervous system
7
Q
Controls skeletal muscles
A
somatic nervous system
8
Q
Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
A
autonomic or visceral nervous system
9
Q
Regulates responses to stress and helps to maintain homeostasis.
A
ANS
10
Q
What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?
A
- neuron
2. neuroglia
11
Q
Nerve cells that make up the conducting tissue of the nervous system.
A
neurons
12
Q
The connective tissue cells of the nervous system that support and protect nervous tissue
A
neuroglia
13
Q
the basic functional unit of the nervous system
A
neurons
14
Q
Each neuron has two types of fibers extending from the cell body: the _____, which carries impulses toward the cell body, and the ____, which carries impulses away from the cell body
A
dendrite, axon
15
Q
Some axons are covered with ____, a whitish, fatty material that insulates and protects the axon and
speeds electric conduction; these axons are described as _____
A
myelin, myelinated
16
Q
Myelinated axons make up the _____ of the nervous system
A
white matter
17
Q
Unmyelinated tissue makes up the ______ of the nervous system
A
grey matter
18
Q
Each neuron is part of a ____ system that carries information through the nervous system
A
relay
19
Q
A neuron that transmits impulses toward the CNS is a _____ neuron
A
sensory
20
Q
A neuron that transmits impulses away from the CNS
is a _____ neuron
A
motor
21
Q
The point of contact between two nerve cells is the ____ where energy is passed from one cell to another by means of a _____
A
synapse, chemical neurotransmitter
22
Q
Which cranial nerves have the sensory function of taste?
A
facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
23
Q
smell SF, no MF
A
I olfactory
24
Q
vision SF, no MF
A
II optic
25
no SF, eye movement MF (3)
III oculomotor, IV trochlear and VI abducens
26
facial sensation SF, chewing MF
V trigeminal
27
taste SF, facial expression MF
VII facial
28
hearing and balance SF, hair in cochlea MF
VIII vestibulocochlear
29
taste SF, swallowing MF
IX glossopharyngeal
30
taste SF, internal organ MF
X vagus
31
no SF, head/neck movement MF
XI spinal accessory
32
no sf, tongue movement MF
XII hypoglossal
33
Individual neuron fibers are held together in bundles like wires in a cable. If this bundle is part of the PNS,
it is called a ____
nerve
34
A collection of cell bodies along the pathway of a nerve is a -----
ganglion
35
A few nerves (sensory nerves) contain only sensory neurons, and a few (motor nerves) contain only motor neurons, but most contain both types of fibers and are described as ------
mixed nerves
36
The largest part of the brain
cerebrum
37
Composed largely of white matter with a thin
| outer layer of gray matter
cerebrum
38
Outer layer of gray matter
cerebral cortex
39
It is within the cortex that the higher brain functions of ----, -------, and ------ occur
memory, reasoning and abstract thought
40
The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by a deep groove, the ------
longitudinal fissure
41
Each ------ is further divided into lobes with specialized functions.
hemisphere
42
The diencephalon contains the -----, ---- and -----
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. pituitary gland
43
Receives sensory information and directs it to the proper portion of the cortex
thalamus
44
Controls the pituitary and forms a link between the endocrine and nervous systems
hypothalamus
45
The brainstem consists of the -----, -----, and -----
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
46
Contains reflex centers for improved vision and hearing
midbrain
47
Forms a bulge on the anterior surface of the brainstem and contains fibers that connect different regions of the brain
pons
48
Connects the brain with the spinal cord; all impulses passing to and from the brain travel through this region; has vital centers for control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
medulla
49
under the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla; also divided into two hemispheres
cerebellum
50
Controls voluntary muscle movements and to maintain
| posture, coordination, and balance.
cerebellum
51
Within the brain are ---- ventricles (cavities) in which ----- (CSF) is produced
four, cerebrospinal fluid
52
CSF circulates around the brain and spinal cord, acting as a ____ for these tissues.
protective cushion
53
Covering the brain and the spinal cord are three protective layers, together called the _____.
meninges
54
The outermost and toughest of the three meninges is the
| _____
dura mater.
55
The middle layer is the _____.
arachnoid
56
The thin, vascular inner layer, attached directly to the tissue of the brain and spinal cord, is the _____.
pia mater
57
Cranial nerve that carries impulses for the sense of smell
I olfactory
58
Cranial nerve: carries impulses for the sense of vision
II optic
59
Cranial nerve: controls movement of eye muscles
III oculomotor
60
Cranial nerves: controls muscle of the eyeball
IV trochlear, VI abducens
61
Cranial nerves: carries sensory impulses from the face; controls chewing musclesop
V trigeminal
62
Cranial nerve: controls muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, and tear
glands; conducts some impulses for taste
VII facial
63
Cranial nerve: conducts impulses for hearing and equilibrium; also called auditory
or acoustic nerve
VIII vestibulocochlear
64
Cranial nerve: conducts sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx; stimulates parotid salivary gland and partly controls swallowing
IX glossopharyngeal
65
Cranial nerve: supplies most organs of thorax and abdomen; controls digestive secretionsp
X vagus
66
Cranial nerve: controls muscles of the neck
XI spinal accessory
67
Cranial nerve: controls muscles of the tongue
XII hypoglossal
68
Extends from the medulla oblongata to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae; central gray matter surrounded by white matter
spinal cord
69
The gray matter of the spinal cord projects toward the back and the front as the ___ and ___
dorsal and ventral horns
70
The white matter contains the ____ and ____ that carry impulses to and from the brain.
ascending and descending tracts (fiber
| bundles)
71
__ pairs of spinal nerves connect with the spinal cord
31
72
```
Spinal nerves are grouped in the segments of the cord:
• Cervical:
• Thoracic:
• Lumbar:
• Sacral:
• Coccygeal:
```
* Cervical: 8
* Thoracic: 12
* Lumbar: 5
* Sacral: 5
* Coccygeal: 1
73
Each nerve joins the cord by ____.
two roots
74
The ____ root carries sensory impulses into the cord; the ____ root carries motor impulses away from the cord and out toward a muscle or gland.
dorsal or posterior, ventral or anterior root
75
A simple response that requires few neurons
reflex
76
T or F. In a spinal reflex, impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.
True
77
T or F. Most neurologic responses involve complex interactions among multiple neurons in the CNS
True
78
____ is the division of the nervous system that controls the involuntary actions of muscles and glands
The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
79
The ANS itself has two divisions: the ____ nervous system and the ____ nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
80
The _____ nervous system motivates our response to stress, the so-called “fight-or-flight” response; increases heart rate and respiration rate, stimulates the adrenal
gland, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles.
sympathetic nervous system
81
The ____ system returns the body to a steady
| state and stimulates maintenance activities, such as digestion of food.
parasympathetic
82
T or F. Most organs are controlled by both para- and sympathetic symptems and, in general, the two systems have the same effects on a given organ
F. opposite effect
83
What does the brain consist of?
1. cerebrum
2. diencephalon
3. brainstem
4. cerebellum
84
The brain is a nervous tissue contained within the ____
cranium
85
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
86
The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord as a protection
CSF
87
The twelve pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain
cranial nerves
88
The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and
pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem
diencephalon
89
The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
cerbrum
90
The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
brainstem
91
The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture
cerebellum
92
The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure
medulla oblongata
93
The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing
midbrain
94
Producing movement; describes neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS
motor
95
Also called glial cells
neuroglia
96
A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse
neurotransmitter
97
A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect regions of the brain; the adjective is pontine
pons
98
A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord
root
99
Describing neurons that carry impulses toward the CNS
sensory
100
The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra
spinal cord
101
The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord
spinal nerves
102
A bundle of nerve cell fibers within the CNS
tract
103
A bundle of nerve cell fibers outside the CNS
nerve
104
A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglion
105
neur/o, neur/i
nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve
106
gli/o
neuroglia
107
gangli/o, ganglion/o
ganglion
108
mening/o, meninge/o
meninges
109
myel/o
spinal cord; bone marrow
110
radicul/o
root of a spinal nerve
111
encephal/o
brain
112
cerebr/o
cerebrum; loosely: brain
113
cortic/o
cerebral cortex; outer portion
114
cerebell/o
cerebellum
115
thalam/o
thalamus
116
ventricul/o
cavity, ventricle
117
medull/o
medulla oblongata; spinal cord
118
psych/o
mind
119
narc/o
stupor, unconsciousness
120
somn/o, somn/i
sleep
121
-phasia
speech
122
-lalia
speech; babble
123
-lexia
reading
124
-plegia
paralysis
125
-paresis
partial paralysis
126
-lepsy
seizure
127
-phobia
persistent, irrational fear
128
-mania
excited state, obsession
129
CVA
cerebrovascular accident; stroke
130
Formation of a blood clot in a vessel
thrombosis
131
Sudden blockage by an obstruction travelling from another part of the body
embolism
132
localized dilation of a vessel that may rupture and cause hemorrhage
aneurysm
133
loss or impairment of speech communication
aphasia
134
paralysis of one side
| of the body
hemiplegia
135
Almost all tumors that originate in the nervous system are tumors of nonconducting support cells, the ____
neuroglia
136
EEG
electroencephalography
137
A drug that acts on the mental state
psychotropic drug
138
Psychotropic drugs include antianxiety drugs or ___, and antipsychotic drugs called ____
anxiolytic; neuroleptics
139
Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a result of the brain’s hitting the skull
contrecoup injury
140
Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body
hemiparesis
141
A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS
multiple sclerosis
142
A disorder originating in the basal ganglia
parkinson disease
143
Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large artery in
the neck that supplies blood to the brain
carotid endarterectomy
144
Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the electric activity of the brainpower
EEG
145
Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord; spinal tap; done to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject anesthesia
lumbar puncture
146
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
147
Four masses of gray matter in the cerebrum and upper brainstem that are involved in movement and coordination
basal ganglia
148
ACh
acetylcholine
149
AD
alzheimer disease
150
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
151
BAEP
brainstem auditory evoked potentials
152
CBF
cerebral blood flow
153
CP
cerebrospinal fluid
154
CVD
cerebrovascular disease
155
DTR
deep tendon reflexes
156
GAD
generalized anxiety disorder
157
ICP
intracranial pressure
158
LMN
lower motor neuron
159
LOC
level of consciousness
160
MID
multi-infarct dementia
161
NICU
neurological intensive care unit
162
NPH
normal pressure hydrocephalus
163
NREM
non rapid eye movement (sleep)
164
RAS
reticular activating system
165
REM
rapid eye movement (sleep)
166
SSEP
somatosensory evoked potentials
167
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
168
TIA
transient ischemic attack
169
UMN
upper motor neuron
170
VEP
visual evoked potentials
