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Biology > Ch. 16-17 > Flashcards

Ch. 16-17 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What did people believe that species where?

A

Perfect and unchangeable

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2
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

A scientific explanation to account for the diversity of life

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3
Q

James Hutton

A

Discovered that the earth changed because of the weather

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4
Q

Published “Principles of Geology”. Influenced Darwin

A

Charles Lyell

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5
Q

“Principle of Population” said human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it

A

Thomas Malthus

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6
Q

Recognized that living things have changed over time and that organisms adapted to their environments

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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7
Q

What 3 things did Lamarck state in his theory?

A
  1. Tendency toward perfection
  2. Use and disuse
  3. Inheritance of acquired traits
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8
Q

Tendency toward perfection

A

Organisms are continually acquiring features to help them live successfully

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9
Q

Use and disuse

A

Organisms could alter themselves physically by using their bodies in new ways(fly—>arms into wings)

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10
Q

Inheritance of acquired traits

A

Acquired characteristics could be inherited(work out to get big muscles=your children will have big muscles)

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11
Q

Why was Lamarck wrong?

A
  1. Realized organisms are adapted to their environments
  2. An organism’s behavior has no effect in inheritable characteristics
  3. No evidence that organisms try to become more perfect
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12
Q

What did Darwin observe in the Galápagos Islands?

A
  1. Many plants and animals were well suited for their environment
  2. He noticed where these species lived, and where they didn’t
  3. Looked at fossils
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13
Q

What formed the basis for early evolutionary ideas?

A

Fossils

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14
Q

Who was the first scientist to publish using fossil evidence?

A

Charles Darwin

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15
Q

Gene Pool

A

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population

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16
Q

Allelic frequency

A

The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene

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17
Q

Natural selection

A

Explanation for how evolution occurs in nature

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18
Q

What are organisms with favorable variations able to do?

A

Survive, reproduce, and pass on their variations to the next generation

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19
Q

Why does each generation have a large amount of offspring?

A

The more that they have the more they are likely to survive

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20
Q

Why does Natural selection occur?

A
  1. Overproduction
  2. Genetic variation (individuals will be slightly different from each other)
  3. Survival struggle (competition for resources)
  4. Successful reproduction
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21
Q

Natural variation

A

A variation in the expression of their traits

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22
Q

What does natural variation often take the form as?

A

A curve

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23
Q

When do most individuals express the phenotype on the curve?

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A

At the peak of the curve

24
Q

Why are there fewer individuals at the ends of the curves?

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A

Their phenotype doesn’t give them as good a chance than those at the peak

25
What is the favorable phenotype determined by?
The environment
26
Fitness
The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment
27
Survival of the fittest
States that individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment will either die more often or leave few offspring
28
Adaptation
Any variation that aids an organisms chances of survival in its environment
29
What are some examples of adaptations?
1. Camouflage 2. Thorns 3. Color
30
Speciation
Process by which new species are generated
31
When does speciation occur?
When populations of a single species are reproductively isolated from each other
32
Do we need speciation?
Yes
33
What are the different ways groups of the same species can be reproductively isolated from each other?
1. Continental drift 2. Mountain uplifting 3. Changes in sea level 4. Changes in climate 5. Island formation
34
What 2 things cause speciation?
1. Selective pressures | 2. Reproductive isolation
35
Selective pressures
Some traits that are fit in one environment, but might not be in another
36
What happens during selective pressure?
Genes can no longer transfer between diverged populations and the allergic frequency in the 2nd population will begin to change
37
Homologous structure
Structure that is similar in arrangement, inn functions, or in both and was inherited from a common ancestor
38
Vestigal structure
A structure in a present day organism that no longer serves its original purpose (appendix)
39
Where are fossils formed?
Sedimentary rock
40
How are fossils formed?
1. Quickly covered with sediment 2. U disturbed 3. Bones replaced with minerals from rock 4. Weathering and erosion uncover them
41
By examining where fossils are located and the changes, what can we learn?
How species evolved over time
42
Transitional fossils
Fossils that show the intermediate stage between current species and their ancestors
43
Are transitional fossils direct descendants?
No
44
Allele Frequency
The percentage of any specific allele in the population(how often the allele shows up)
45
Do allele frequencies change?
YES
46
What has to change in order for an allele frequency to change?
The genotype
47
What would happen if there were significant changes in the gene pool of a population?
Evolution of a new species over time
48
Genetic drift
An alteration of allergic frequencies by chance events
49
Genetic equilibrium
The frequency of alleles remains the same over many generations (no evolution)
50
Bottleneck effect
A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population (ex. Disease)
51
What can the bottleneck effect do?
Reduce a population genetic diversity
52
Founder effect
A few individuals colonize a new habitat
53
What 5 things did Hardy-Weinberg predict would disturb genetic equilibrium?
1. Non random mating 2. Small population 3. Immigration 3. Emigration 4. Mutations 5. Natural selection
54
Adaptive radiation
Species that derived from a common ancestor that have successfully adapted to their environment by natural selection
55
Divergent evolution
Species that were similar to ancestral species become more and more distinct
56
Convergent evolution
Occurs when distantly related organisms evolve similar traits
57
Evolution
Change over time

Biology (9 decks)

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