Ch. 12

Question 0

When does DNA replicate?

Answer 0

S phase

Question 1

DNA replication

Answer 1

When the DNA in the chromosomes is copied

Question 2

What direction do the phosphate/sugar backbones go?

Answer 2

Anti-parallel, p=5 s=3

Question 3

How are hydrogen bonds broken?

Answer 3

Enzymes

Question 4

Why does the replication go in a different direction than the original strand?

Answer 4

The new strand starts at 5’, but it is a the 3’ of the old strand

Question 5

Leading strand

Answer 5

Strand that DNA is copied on (natural flow)

Question 6

Lagging strand

Answer 6

Unnatural flow of DNA that has to be copied in fragments

Question 7

What are the lagging fragments called?

Answer 7

Okazaki fragments

Question 8

DNA polymerase

Answer 8

Attaches the new nucleotides to its complementary base by hydrogen bonds

Question 9

What contains the info in DNA?

Answer 9

The sequence of nucleotides

Question 10

How is the information put to work?

Answer 10

Through the production of proteins

Question 11

What controls all the chemical reactions of an organism?

Answer 11

Enzymes

Question 12

What controls us?

Answer 12

DNA

Question 13

What do amino acids create?

Answer 13

Proteins

Question 14

Proteins

Answer 14

Long polymers

Question 15

Polymers

Answer 15

Chains composed of amino acids

Question 16

What determines the shape of proteins?

Answer 16

The order of the amino acids

Question 17

What determines the action of the proteins?

Answer 17

The shape of the proteins

Question 18

What is the sequence of DNA?

Answer 18

DNA, RNA, protein

Question 19

What is RNA?

Answer 19

Nucleic acid

Question 20

How does RNA differ from DNA?

Answer 20

1. Different sugars
2. Single stranded
3. Contains uracil

Question 21

What kind of sugar does DNA have?

Answer 21

Deoxyribose

ATGC

Question 22

What contains the instructions for making proteins?

Answer 22

DNA

Question 23

Is DNA allowed to leave the nucleus?

Answer 23

NO

Question 24

How many proteins do ribosomes make at a time?

Answer 24

One

Question 25

How do we get specific directions to the ribosomes outside the nucleus?

Answer 25

mRNA

Question 26

What does mRNA take from DNA?

Answer 26

Instructions on how the protein should be assembled

Question 27

When can the ribosomes assemble the protein?

Answer 27

When the ribosome has the mRNA instructions

Question 28

What are the three types of RNA?

Answer 28

1. mRNA 2. rRNA 3. tRNA

Question 29

mRNA

Answer 29

Brings instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 30

rRNA

Answer 30

Binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order (does the work)

Question 31

tRNA

Answer 31

Delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein (the supplier)

Question 32

Transcription

Answer 32

When enzymes make an RNA copy of a portion of a DNA strand

Question 33

What is the difference between transcription and DNA replication?

Answer 33

Transcription=one strand RNA molecule | DNA molecule=double stranded

Question 34

Introns

Answer 34

Long non coding nucleotide sequences

Question 35

Exons

Answer 35

Regions that contain info

Question 36

When mRNA is transcribed what happens to the introns/exons?

Answer 36

They are copied

Question 37

What must happen to the introns before it can function to make a protein?

Answer 37

They must be removed

Question 38

What are proteins?

Answer 38

Chain of amino acids

Question 39

Codon

Answer 39

Group of 3 nitrogenous bases

Question 40

How many different combinations of codons are there?

Answer 40

64

Question 41

Translation

Answer 41

The process of converting the information in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into amino acids

Question 42

Where does translation take place?

Answer 42

Ribosomes

Question 43

During translation what do ribosomes attach to?

Answer 43

mRNA

Question 44

How are proteins built?

Answer 44

The amino acids must be brought to the proteins

Question 45

What does tRNA molecules attach to?

Answer 45

One type of amino acids

Question 46

What is the first codon in mRNA?

Answer 46

AUG

Question 47

What does AUG do?

Answer 47

Signals the start of protein synthesis

Question 48

After bonding the first tRNA what does the ribosome do?

Answer 48

Slides to the next codon

Question 49

Peptide bond

Answer 49

Holds the amino acids together

Question 50

When is the ribosomes job done?

Answer 50

When it reaches the stop codon

Question 51

What are the chains called that will become proteins?

Answer 51

Polypeptide

Question 52

Mutations

Answer 52

Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information

Question 53

Gene mutations

Answer 53

Affect a single gene

Question 54

What are the two types of gene mutations?

Answer 54

1. Gene mutations | 2. Chromosomal mutations

Question 55

Chromosomal mutation

Answer 55

Affect a whole chromosome

Question 56

What are gene mutations usually called?

Answer 56

Point mutations

Question 57

What do point mutations consist of?

Answer 57

1. Substitution 2. Insertions/additions 3. Deletions

Question 58

Substitution

Answer 58

One base is changed to another base

Question 59

Will a substitution always result in the wrong amino acid?

Answer 59

NO

Question 60

Do different amino acids result in a different protein?

Answer 60

Not always, it depends on the chemical properties

Question 61

What do addition or deletion mutations result in?

Answer 61

Frame shift mutations

Question 62

Are frame shift mutations drajstic?

Answer 62

YES

Question 63

What are the 4 chromosomal mutations?

Answer 63

1. Deletion 2. Duplication 3. Inversion 4. Translocation

Question 64

Inversion

Answer 64

Reverses the direction

Question 65

Translocation

Answer 65

Part of one chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome

Question 66

Nondisjunction

Answer 66

A homologous pair fails to separate during meiosis, where two cells have one less chromosome and two have one more chromosome

Question 67

What is an example of nondisjunction?

Answer 67

1. Down syndrome | 2. Kinfelter syndrome

Question 68

Kinfelter syndrome

Answer 68

2x chromosomes, male with feminine qualities

Question 69

How do we get mutations?

Answer 69

1. Spontaneous | 2. The environment

Question 70

Mutagens

Answer 70

Any agent that can cause a change in DNA

Question 71

What are some mutagens?

Answer 71

1. Radiation 2. Chemicals 3. High temperatures 4. Infectious agents

Question 72

What usually causes substitution mutations?

Answer 72

Chemical mutagens

Question 73

The breaking and reforming of a double stranded DNA molecule can lead to what?

Answer 73

Deletions

Question 74

What proofreads DNA and replace incorrect nucleotides with correct nucleotides?

Answer 74

Enzymes