Ch. 7 Cells Flashcards
(87 cards)
0
Q
Uses more light than one lense and a light source
A
Compound light microscope
1
Q
Uses one lense and natural light to view objects
A
Simple light microscope
2
Q
Discovered cells
A
Robert Hooke
3
Q
Basic units of all forms of life
A
Cell
4
Q
Cell theory
A
- Everything is made from cells
- All cells come from other cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
5
Q
Who developed the cell theory?
A
- Rudolph Virchow
- Theodor Schwann
- Matthias Schleiden
6
Q
What did Rudolph Virchow discover?
A
Cells come from other cells
7
Q
What did Theodor Schwann discover?
A
All animals are composed of cells
8
Q
What did Matthias Schleiden discover?
A
All plants are composed of cells
9
Q
Thin flexible barrier around the cell.
A
Cell membrane
10
Q
What is the cell membrane made of?
A
Phospholipids
11
Q
What does the cell membrane do?
A
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
12
Q
Liquid matrix material inside membrane. Contains water, ions, and organelles
A
Cytoplasm
13
Q
Largest cell
A
Female egg
14
Q
Smallest cell
A
Sperm
15
Q
Single felled organism that have a cell membrane and cytoplasm. Do not have a nuclei
A
Prokaryotes
16
Q
What is an example of a prokaryote?
A
Bacteria
17
Q
Have a cell membrane and cytoplasm. Have a nuclei. Have organelles, each organelle has a specific function for cell survival.
A
Eukaryotes
18
Q
Are eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
A
BOTH
19
Q
What are some examples of eukaryotes?
A
- plant cell
- animal cell
- fungi
- Protista
20
Q
Contains all of the cells DNA and instructions for making proteins and other molecules
A
Nucleus
21
Q
What are the two divisions of Eukaryotic cells?
A
Nucleus and Cytoplasm
22
Q
Fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus
A
Cytoplasm
23
Q
The different parts that make up a cell
A
Organelles
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What is the nucleus surrounded by?
A nuclear envelope composed of two membranes
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What's the nuclear envelope covered in?
Tiny little pores which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus
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What moves through the nuclear pores into the rest of the cell?
A steady stream of proteins, RNA, and other molecules
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What contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next?
Chromosomes
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Where does the assembly of Ribosomes begin?
Nucleolus
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Large, sac-like, membrane enclosed structures that store water, salts, proteins and carbs
Vacuoles
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Break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
Lysosomes
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Helps the cell maintain its shape and is also involved in movement
Cytoskeleton
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Store and move materials between cell oranelles
Vesicles
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What are the two main things that make up a cytoskeleton?
1. Micro filaments
| 2. Micro tubules
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Threadlike structures made up of a protein called actin, helps the cell move
Microfilaments
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Hollow structures made up of proteins known as Tubulins
Micro tubules
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What two things do micro tubules do?
1. Maintain cell shape
| 2. Separate chromosomes
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Organize cell division
Centrioles
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Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum(shipped outside the cell)
Golgi apparatus
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Make proteins; small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells
Ribosomes
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Where do ribosomes come from?
DNA
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Internal membrane system. Where Things are assembled
Endoplasmic reticulum
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Ribosomes found on the surface, involved in the synthesis of proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Collection of enzymes that perform specialized tasks; no ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
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Capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
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Convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cells to use
Mitochondria
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What organelles are involved in energy conversion process within the cell?
1. Chloroplasts
| 2. Mitochondria
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Strong supporting layer arouNd the membrane
Cell wall
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What is the cell walls main function?
To provide support and protection for the cell
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Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell
Cell membrane
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Double layered sheet which gives cell membranes a flexible structure and forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings
Lipid bilayer
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Water liking (head)
Polar
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Water fearing, hydrophobic
Non Polar
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How do phospholipids arrange themselves?
So the non polar tails face each other
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What is the effect of a bilayer?
To create a non polar zone bordered by polar heads
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What is outside the polar heads?
Water
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Why can large/polar molecules not pass through the bilayer?
Because of the structure of the phospholipid bilayer
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What do these molecules need?
A passageway, or channel
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What are channels made of?
Proteins
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Are the phospholipids and protein molecules rigidly fixed in place?
NO
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How the body tells "self" from "nonself"
ID tag
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Give the cell info about the outside of the cell
Receptor
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Proteins/passageways
Channels
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Require no energy, high to low
Passive transport
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Require energy (Low to high)
Active transport
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What are some examples of active transport?
- cleaning room
| - going back up the sledding hill
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When molecules spread from areas of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Diffusion
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When a substance CAN cross the membrane
Permeable membrane
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What is an example of diffusion
When you spray cologne and it goes slowly to the other side of the room
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The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
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Solute
Particles
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Solvent
Liquid portion in which particles are dissolved
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Solution
Solute+Solvent
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Hypertonic solution
Has a higher solute concentration than the cell
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What does the hypertonic solution make the cell do?
Shrink
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Hypotonic solution
The solution has a lower concentration than the cell
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What does a hypotonic cell do?
Swells
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Isotonic solution
The concentration is the same. Equal water molecules in both directions
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Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion helped by a protein channel. Net movement of molecules is still from high concentration to low concentration
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What is an example of facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion of glucose into our cells
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Allows cells to move materials AGAINST the consent ration gradient
Active Transportation Process
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Sodium potassium pump
In cell membrane of most animal cells. Transports sodium and Potasium into our cells
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Endocytosis
Cell membrane curves in toward cell. Pinches off, forming a vesicle, thereby bringing fluids and particles into cell. Lysosomes digest vesicle wall, releasing "stuff" into cells
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What are the two types of Endocytosis?
1. Phagocytosis
| 2. Pinocytosis
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Phagocytosis
Bacteria taken into cell
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Pinocytosis
Liquid taken into cell
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Exocytosis
When the cell gets rid of things "poops" vesicle forms which fuses plasma membrane and releases stuff
