Ch 17 Functional Organization of the Endocrine System

Question 1

Locate the endocrine glands

Answer 1

Question 2

name the endocrine glands

Answer 2

Hypothalamus

pituitary gland

pineal gland

thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

thymus

adrenals

islets of pancreas

ovaries and testes

Question 3

which endocrine glands are located in the brain

Answer 3

hypothalamus

pineal

pituitary

Question 4

what are hormones?

Answer 4

chemical signals in the circulartory system that are released by endocrine glands

Question 5

what do endocrine glands release

Answer 5

hormones

Question 6

what do the endocrine glands secrete hormones into

Answer 6

into intercellular space and then capillaries adjacent to the gland

Question 7

what amount of hormones are produced?

Answer 7

VERY SMALL amounts microliters

Question 8

what do hormones act on?

Answer 8

target tissues

Question 9

what do hormones do?

Answer 9

regulate activities of body structures; generally cause something to happen though can sometimes be inhibitory

Question 10

what are the 5 structural categories of hormones?

Answer 10

proteins

glycoproteins

polypeptides

amino acid derivatives

lipids

Question 11

name an example of a protein hormone

Answer 11

insulin, growth hormone

Question 12

name an example of glycoprotein hormones

Answer 12

FSH, LH, TSH

Question 13

name an example of polypeptide hormone

Answer 13

calcitonin, glucagon

Question 14

name an example of amino acid derived hormone

Answer 14

epinephrine, thyroxine

Question 15

what are the two structural subcategories or lipid hormones? give an example of each

Answer 15

steroids – testosterone, estradiol

fatty acid derivatives – prostaglandin

Question 16

insulin is an example of which type of hormone structure?

Answer 16

protein

Question 17

FSH and LH are examples of which type of hormone structure?

Answer 17

Glycoprotein

Question 18

calcitonin and glucagon are examples of which type of hormone structure?

Answer 18

polypeptide

Question 19

epinephrine and thyroxine are examples of which type of hormone structure?

Answer 19

amino acid derivatives

Question 20

testosterone and estradiol are examples of which type of hormone structure?

Answer 20

Steroid (lipid)

Question 21

prostaglandins are examples of which type of hormone structure?

Answer 21

fatty acid derivatives (lipid)

Question 22

what is the difference between T-3 and T-4

Answer 22

how many iodines are attached to the molecule

Question 23

what usually controls the secretion rate of an endocrine gland?

Answer 23

negative feedback

the action of a biochem substance (other than a hormone)

direct neural control

control by a hormone or neurohormone secreted by another endocrine gland

Question 24

what stimulates increased insuline secretion from the pancreas?

Answer 24

increase in bl gl concentration

Question 25

what does an increased bl gl concentration do to the pancreas?

Answer 25

increases insulin secretion

Question 26

what activates neurons that stimulate the release of epinephrine?

Answer 26

stress or exercise

Question 27

once the stressful stimuli are removed less epinephrine is released as a result of decreased

Answer 27

stimulation from the neurons (since neurons aren't being triggered by stress or exercise)

Question 28

describe the hormonal regulation of the thyroid and its hormones

Answer 28

Question 29

hormones dissolve in blood plasma and are transported in __________ or are ____________ to plasma proteins

Answer 29

free form reversibly bound

Question 30

how do hormones travel the body?

Answer 30

in the blood plasma

Question 31

what type of hormone can diffuse from the plasma into the interstitial fluid and affect cells?

Answer 31

free form

Question 32

as the concentration of free molecules increases, mre hormones diffues from _______ into _________ and bind to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 32

capillaries into interstitial spaces target cells

Question 33

lipid soluble hormones diffues through

Answer 33

the phospholipid membrane of the capillary cells

Question 34

water soluble hormones diffues through pores in capillaries called

Answer 34

fenestrae

Question 35

what type of hormones diffues through the capillary cells?

Answer 35

lipid soluble

Question 36

what type of hormones diffues through capillary fenestrae

Answer 36

water soluble

Question 37

why do hormones circulate so quickly?

Answer 37

they are distributed in the bl plasma

Question 38

what is a half-life?

Answer 38

the time it takes for half of a substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system

Question 39

what types of hormones have a long half-life?

Answer 39

those that regulate activities that remain at a constant rate. usu lipid soluble

Question 40

what type of hormones have a short half-life?

Answer 40

they have a rapid onset and a short duration: water soluable hormones, proteins, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 41

what is the binding site?

Answer 41

the portion of the molecule where the ligand binds

Question 42

what is a receptor site?

Answer 42

the portion of a receptor molecule (like in a cell membrane) that binds to the ligands binding site

Question 43

what does it mean to say that the ligand/receptor site is specific?

Answer 43

only the ligand that was meant to bind there will fit e.g. epinephrine cannot bind to the receptor site for insulin

Question 44

what is the purpose of binding to a target tissue?

Answer 44

to elicit a response by the target cell

Question 45

what is a membrane bound receptor?

Answer 45

an intrinsic membrane protein with a receptor site at the extracellular surface

Question 46

what is the purpose of a membrane bound receptor?

Answer 46

interacts with ligands that cannot pass through plasma membrane

Question 47

a water-soluble or large molecular weight hormone is a ligand that causes

Answer 47

interceullar reaction when it attaches to the membrane-bound receptor

Question 48

what are large proteins, glycoproteins, polypeptides and smaller molecules like epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 48

ligands that bind to membrane-bound receptor sites

Question 49

what is an intracellular receptor

Answer 49

a receptor located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell

Question 50

what type of ligands bind to intercellular receptors?

Answer 50

lipid soluble and relatively small molecules that can pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane

Question 51

what are the two types of ligand receptors?

Answer 51

intracellular and membrane-bound

Question 52

what do ligands do that bind to intracellular receptors?

Answer 52

react either to activate an enzyme in the cytoplasm or with DNA to cause transcription and translation (protein synthesis)

Question 53

what are some characteristics that hormones share?

Answer 53

stability, communication and distribution