Ch 18 Endocrine glands

Question 1

name the 9 fn of the endocrine system

Answer 1

• metabolism (chem rxn in the cells)
• tissue maturation
• ion regulation (concentration in fluids like Na+
• water balance
• immune system regulation
• heart rate, BP regulation
• control of bl gl and other nutrients in the blood
• control of repro fn
• uterine cntx and milk release

Question 2

where does the nervous and endocrine system interact?

Answer 2

pituitary/hypothalamus

Question 3

what does the hypothalamus regulate

Answer 3

secretion from the anterior pituitary

Question 4

what endocrine gland is an extension of the hypothalamus

Answer 4

posterior pituitary

Question 5

Posterior pituitary is an extension of the NS via the

Answer 5

infundibulum

Question 6

the posterior pituitary secretes

Answer 6

neurohormones

Question 7

name the 3 areas of the anterior pituitary

Answer 7

pars distallis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

Question 8

from what type of tissue does the anterior pituitary develop?

Answer 8

oral cavity tissue

Question 9

what connects the capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the capillary system in the anterior pituitary

Answer 9

a small artery

Question 10

what is the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary called?

Answer 10

Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

Question 11

Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release neurohormones into the

Answer 11

Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

Question 12

The hypothalamohypophyseal portal system carries what substances from and to where?

Answer 12

neurohormones and blood

from the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Question 13

neurohormones bound to receptors in the anterior pituitary do what?

Answer 13

inhibit or promote hormone production

Question 14

name 3 anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 14

TSH
LH
FSH

Question 15

where does the posterior pituitary develop from?

Answer 15

an outgrowth of the hypothalamus

Question 16

how does the hypothalamus connect to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 16

via neurosecretory neurons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus

Question 17

name a hormone of the posterior pituitary

Answer 17

antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

Question 18

what does vasopressin do?

Answer 18

Tells kidneys to hold onto more fluid (by decreasing the amount of urine). The kidneys carry osmoreceptors that are sensitive to how much fluid or solute and electrolytes and adjust their filtration accodingly

Question 19

where is the pancreas located

Answer 19

near the intestine and stomach

Question 20

what is the fn of the pancreas?

Answer 20

endocrine and exocrine

Question 21

what is the exocrine fn of the pancreas?

Answer 21

produces pancreatic digestive juices

Question 22

what are pancreatic islets?

Answer 22

the cells of the endocrine portion of the pancreas

Question 23

what are the 3 types of pancreatic islets in the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

Answer 23

alpha, beta, delta

Question 24

which type of islet secretes glucagon?

Answer 24

alpha

Question 25

which type of islet secretes insulin?

Answer 25

beta

Question 26

which type of islet secretes somatostatin?

Answer 26

delta

Question 27

beta cells secrete ______ which ______ the bl gl

Answer 27

insulin, lowers

Question 28

alpha cells secrete _______ which ______ the bl gl

Answer 28

glucagon, raises

Question 29

how does insulin lower bl gl levels?

Answer 29

increases uptake of glucose and amino acids by cells in the liver, adipose and muscles to be used for immediate energy or store for later

Question 30

which type of cells does insulin target?

Answer 30

liver, adipose, muscle cells (to store away) | satiety center of hypothalamus (to let body know you are satiated)

Question 31

how does insulin assist in cells taking up glucose?

Answer 31

binds to membrane receptors, increases the number of membrane proteins that will transport glucose and amino acids into cells

Question 32

how does the glucose enter the cell?

Answer 32

through facilitated diffusion (facilitated by the intrinsic membrane proteins that are activated by the Insulin)

Question 33

once inside the cell, what is the first thing that happens to the glucose?

Answer 33

enzyme, glucokinase gets activated

Question 34

what is glucokinase

Answer 34

an enzyme that adds phosphates to glucose, which traps the glucose inside the cell

Question 35

what is glycogenesis

Answer 35

the formation of glycogen by adding phosphate groups

Question 36

why doesn't glucose reenter the blood stream after insulin helps cells take it in?

Answer 36

glucokinase adds phosphate to the glucose and traps it inside the cell as glucose-6-phosphate

Question 37

phosphate is added to the glucose, which makes the glucose concentration gradient

Answer 37

stay how it is--glucose levels are high in the blood stream and low in the cells, since the glucose-6-phosphate does not "count" as glucose

Question 38

what is glycogen?

Answer 38

a bunch of glucose-6-phosphates bound together as a storage molecule

Question 39

how much of their weight can be stored as glycogen in liver cells?

Answer 39

5-8%

Question 40

muscles can store how much of their weight as glycogen?

Answer 40

1-3%

Question 41

what part of the brain gets the message of "fullness" from high glucose uptake?

Answer 41

satiety center

Question 42

when is insulin released?

Answer 42

when bl gl is rising

Question 43

hyperglycemia stimulates

Answer 43

beta cells

Question 44

hypoglycemia inhibits

Answer 44

beta cells

Question 45

high concentration of certain amino acids promotes release of

Answer 45

insulin

Question 46

food intake triggers swallowing receptors in which branch of the NS?

Answer 46

parasympathetic

Question 47

insulin is released in an anticipatory fashion by reception of

Answer 47

gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and secretin

Question 48

what is the primary target of glucagon?

Answer 48

liver

Question 49

what is the fn of glucagon?

Answer 49

to release glucose from stored glycogen

Question 50

from where is glucagon released?

Answer 50

alpha cells

Question 51

glucagon promotes what activities by the cells?

Answer 51

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 52

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 52

creation of glucose from glycogen

Question 53

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 53

creation of glucose from non-carb like amino acids

Question 54

what triggers glucagon release?

Answer 54

hypoglycemia

Question 55

sympathetic nervous stimulation would result in ______ glucagon release

Answer 55

anticipatory

Question 56

type I DM is caused by

Answer 56

destruction of beta cells (thus decreased insulin secretion)

Question 57

type II DM causes

Answer 57

tissues do not respond to insulin | lack insulin receptors or the enzymes are faulty

Question 58

which is the most common type of DM?

Answer 58

type II

Question 59

during exercise, ______ NS fires to release _______ which _______ insulin release

Answer 59

sympathetic epinephrine inhibits

Question 60

epinephrine fn like

Answer 60

glucagon