Ch 28 repro Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
what is the sac that holds the testes?
A
scrotum
2
Q
what separates the 2 chambers of the scrotum?
A
raphe
3
Q
what muscles help regulate the temperature of the testes?
A
dartos and cremaster muscles
4
Q
what inhibits muscle cntx of dartos and cremaster muscles?
A
warm temp
5
Q
what is the secretion of the exocrine gland of the scrotum?
A
sperm cells
6
Q
what is the exocrine gland of the scrotum?
A
testes
7
Q
what does the endocrine part of the testes secrete?
A
testosterone
8
Q
what is the site of sperm production?
A
seminiferous tubules
9
Q
what are the cells that secrete testosterone?
A
interstitial cells
10
Q
what are the testes?
A
the reproductive gland of the male
11
Q
from what gland is testosterone secreted?
A
endocrine part of testes
12
Q
what are interstitial cells?
A
cells of the testes that secrete testosterone
13
Q
what are the seminiferous tubules?
A
the site of sperm production
14
Q
through what do the testes have to pass to descend into the scrotum?
A
inguinal canal
15
Q
what are the bilateral oblique passageways in the anterior abdominal wall through which testes pass?
A
inguinal rings
16
Q
what is cryptochidism?
A
failure of one or both testes to descend into scrotum
17
Q
what is the failure of one or both testes to descend into scrotum that prevents normal sperm development?
A
cryptorchidism
18
Q
where does the digestive enzyme of the sperm exist?
A
acrosome–head
19
Q
when does the sperm develop more mitochondria and wave the tail more distinctly?
A
after leaving epididymis
20
Q
what is the epididymis?
A
a part of the tubing that is the site of sperm cell maturation, stays in 1-2 days
21
Q
what increases the surface area to facilitate absorption of fluid from the lumen of the epididymis?
A
stereocilia
22
Q
what duct passes from the epidiymis into the abdominal cavity?
A
vas deferens
23
Q
what forms the spermatic cord?
A
ductus deferens testicular artery venous plexus lymphatic vessels nerves
24
Q
walls of ductus deferens are made of _______ that exhibits _______ during _________
A
smooth muscle
peristalsis
ejaculation
25
what joins the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle?
ejaculatory duct
26
where does the ejaculatory duct end?
at urethra within prostate gland
27
what are stereocilia of the epididymis?
increase surface area to facilitate absorption of fluid from lumen of the duct
28
what duct is the site of sperm cell maturation?
epididymis
29
how long does sperm stay in the epididymis?
at least 1-2 days
30
what is the journey of sperm?
```
SEVEN UP
Seminiferous tubule
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing
Urethra
Penis
```
31
what is the urethra and where does it travel?
from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis
| for urine and male reproductive fluids
32
what are the three parts of the urethra?
prostatic urethra
membraneous urethra
spongy urethra
33
where do 15-30 ducts from the prostate enter into the urethra?
at the prostatic urethra
34
what part of the urehtra passes through the penis?
spongy urethra
35
what are the small mucus-secreting glands that empty into the spongy urethra?
urethral glands
36
what carries urine and male reproductive fluids from urinary bladder to distal end of penis?
urethra
37
what are the fns of the penis?
urination
| vehicle for sperm
38
what are the 3 columns of erectile tissue?
```
corpera cavernosa (2)
corpus spongiosum (1)
```
39
what covers the glans penis?
prepuce or foreskin
40
what orifice is the exit point for sperm and urine?
external urethra orifice
41
what is the prepuce?
the foreskin that covers the glans penis
42
what body part functions as a vehicle for sperm
penis
43
what is the external urethra orifice?
the exit orifice for sperm and urine
44
why are men less likely to get a UTI?
urethra is longer
45
what is the reflex arc for erection?
sensory receptor (lots of different input can trigger)
sensory neuron
CNS integration at spinal cord (no interneuron)
motor neuron
effector cell
46
what is the mechanism of erection?
motor neuron tells effector cell in the smooth muscle of the artery of the penis to vasodilate
increased fullness of erectile tissue makes capillaries smaller which makes venous return more difficult
47
what are the male accessory glands
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
48
where do seminal vesicles empty?
into ejaculatory duct
49
how much of semen is produced by seminal vesicles?
about 60%
50
what is contained in the secretion of the seminal vesicles?
fibrinogen
sucrose
prostaglandins
51
what is the purpose of fibrinogen in semen?
converts to an insoluble fiber (fibrin) which coagulates the semen
52
what is the purpose of sucrose in semen?
disaccharide is used for E for the mitochondria of the sperm
53
what is the purpose of prostaglandins in semen?
helps to contract sperm out of the body
54
what accessory gland of the male empties into the ejaculatory duct?
seminal vesicle
55
what accessory gland produces 60% of semen?
seminal vesicle
56
what accessory gland produces fibrinogen, sucrose and prostaglandins
seminal vesicle
57
what does the prostate gland do?
produces about 30% of semen
58
what clotting factor is produced by the prostate gland?
fibrinolysin
59
what is the secretion of the prostate gland like?
thin, milky, high pH
60
why is the secretion of the prostate gland high pH?
makes vagina more hospitable to sperm (balances pH of vagina)
61
what is fibrinolysin
helps bread down the fibrin that is formed from fibrinogen
62
what accessory gland produces about 30% of semen?
prostate gland
63
what accessory gland produces a thin, milky secretion with a high pH
prostate gland
64
what accessory gland produces fibrinolysin?
prostate gland
65
how much of semen does the bulbourethral gland produce?
5%
66
what does the bulbourethral gland produce?
mucous secretion
67
when does the bulbourethral gland produce its mucous secretion?
just before ejaculation
68
what does the mucous secretion from the bulbourethral gland do?
helps take care of the N waste from urine
69
what is semen made of?
secretions from accessory cells plus sperm
70
urethral mucosa produces
mucous
71
what is emission?
discharge of semen into prostatic urethra
| accumulation of sperm and secretions of the prostate and seminal vesicles in the urethra
72
what is ejaculation
forceful expulsion of semen from urethra
73
what causes ejaculation?
peristalsis
74
what can be the result of ETOH consumption on ejaculation?
ETOH is CNS depressant so sensory information is "slowed" and it is harder to achieve erection
75
what controls emission and ejaculation
sympathetic center in the spinal cord causes peristaltic cntx of reproductive ducts, seminal vesicles and prostate release secretions
76
what causes sensory information to travel through pudendal nerve to spinal cord and cause ejaculation?
accumulation of semen in prostatic urethra
77
why do semen and urine not mix?
sympathetic (involuntary) output causes constriction of internal sphincter of urinary bladder
78
what somatic motor output causes ejaculation?
skeletal muscles of urogenital diaphragm and base of penis rhythmically cntx and forces semen out of urethra
79
what is the broad ligament?
spreads out on both sides of the uterus
| ovaries and uterine tubes are also attached
80
where is the ovarian ligament?
extends from ovary to superior margin of uterus
81
what travels through the ovarian ligament?
ovarian arteries, veins, nerves
82
what is a peritoneal fold extending from the lateral margins of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis on either side?
broad ligament
83
what extends from ovary to superior margin of uterus?
ovarian ligament
84
what do the ovarian arteries, veins and nerves travel through in order to get to the ovaries?
ovarian ligament
85
what is the outermost covering of the ovary?
ovarian (or germinal) epithelium
86
what is the ovarian epithelium made from
visceral peritoneum
87
what is the tunica albuginea of the ovary?
a dense fibrous connective tissue that encapsulates the ovary
88
what is the cortex of the ovary?
contains follicles with oocytes
89
what is the medulla of the ovary?
the inner, looser portion at the center of the ovary, it contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
90
what is the stroma of the ovary?
connective tissue of the ovary
91
what part of the ovary contains follicles with oocytes?
cortex
92
what part of the ovary is the inner, looser portion?
medulla
93
what part of the ovary contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels?
medulla
94
what part of the ovary is the connective tissue of the ovary?
stroma
95
where do the stages of developing oocytes take place?
ovarian cortex
96
what is ovulation?
release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary
97
division of cytoplasm during meiosis is ______, meaning the _________ are very small
uneven
| polar bodies
98
what do the cells that surround the oocyte become once the oocyte is released?
corpus luteum
99
when does fertilization begin?
when sperm cell binds and penetrates into cytoplasm of egg
100
secondary oocyte completes ______ forming one polar body
meiosis II
101
after secondary oocyte completes meiosis II, the fertilized egg is now a
zygote
102
if fertilization occurs, what happens to corpus luteum?
it persists in order to support the zygote implantation until placenta can take over
103
if no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum atrophies and becomes the
corpus albicans
104
what opens directly into peritoneal cavity to receive oocyte from ovary?
uterine tube
105
what is the widest part of the uterine tube, and what occurs there?
ampulla
| fertilization (usually)
106
describe the lining of the uterine tube
called mucosa: simple ciliated columnar epithelium with longitudinal folds
107
what does the mucosa do?
provides nutrients for ooctye/embryonic mass
| cilia moves fluid and oocyte toward uterus
108
what are the parts of the uterus?
body
cervix
fundus
109
what holds the uterus in place?
ligaments
110
what is the endometrium?
innermost layer of the uterus, mucous membrane
111
what are the 2 layers of endometrium?
functional layer
| basal layer
112
which of the 2 layers of endometrium are innermost?
functional layer
113
which of the 2 layers of endometrium is grown and shed with the monthly cycle?
functional
114
what part of the uterus is more rigid and less contractile?
cervix
115
what lines the cervical canal?
mucous glands
116
mucous plug exists in the cervical canal except for when?
near ovulation, mucous becomes more favorable to sperm
117
what is the vagina?
female organ of copulation
118
what is the purpose of the vagina?
copulation, menstrual flow, childbirth
119
what is the membrane that covers a portion of the vaginal opening in some women?
hymen
120
describe the walls of the vagina
muscular with mucous membrane lining
121
what type of tissue lines the vaginal walls?
moist stratified squamous epithelium
122
what is the female erectile structure?
clitoris
123
what are the tissues of the clitoris?
corpus cavernosa
| corpus spongiosa
124
what unites to form the mons pubis?
labia majora
125
what are the 3 types of female genital mutilation?
clitorectomy
modified sunna
pharaonic circumcision
