CH 19

Question 1

In the __________ _______ _______,

a species is the smallest group of organsims

that contains all the descendant’s of a common ancestor.

Answer 1

In the phylogenetic species concept,

a species is the smallest group of organsims

that contains all the descendant’s of a common ancestor.

Question 2

The kingdom that contains

mostly unicellular eukaryotes is _______.

Answer 2

The kingdom that contains

mostly unicellular eukaryotes is Protista.

Question 3

List the post-1969 kingdoms of Eukarya:

Answer 3

(from Whitaker:)

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Bacteria, Protista

Question 4

List the modern day kingdoms of Eukarya:

Answer 4

Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista

Question 5

Tropical Rain Forests house

what portion of all existing species?

Answer 5

2/3

Question 6

_______ are groups that include all the organisms

descended from a common ancestor.

(iow, is __________)

Answer 6

Clades are groups that include all the organisms

descended from a common ancestor.

(iow, is monophyletic)

Question 7

The 2 types of evidence used for inferring

evolutionary relationships are:

_______ (_______ sequencing, _______

structure, _______ structure) (most important)

_________ (____ structure, _________ simil., ______)

Answer 7

The 2 types of evidence used for inferring

evolutionary relationships are:

Molecular (Nucleotide sequencing, chromosome

structure, protein structure) (most important)

Anatomical (body structure, microscopic simil., fossils)

Question 8

What is the evidence that HIV originated

in non-human primates?

Answer 8

HIV was traced to its closest evolutionary relative:

SIV in chimpanzees

Question 9

_________ is the total number

of species in an ecosystem.

Answer 9

Biodiversity is the total number

of species in an ecosystem.

Question 10

What 3 characteristics are common to both

Bacteria & Archaea?

Answer 10

prokaryotic

asexual reproduction

unicellular

Question 11

Genetic similarities examined by systematists include:

________ ________

&

​________ ________

Answer 11

nucleotide sequences

&

chromosome structure

Question 12

Rules for writing binomial nomenclature:

Can write _____ alone, not _____;

Capitalize _____, not _____;

May abbreviate _____ when written with _____;

_______ or _______ both.

Answer 12

Rules for writing binomial nomenclature:

Can write Genus alone, not species;

Capitalize Genus, not species;

May abbreviate Genus when written with species;

Underline or Italicize both.

Question 13

In a __________ group,

all the members in the group

have a common ancestor,

but the group does not include

___ ___ __________ of that ancestor.

Answer 13

In a paraphyletic group,

all the members in the group

have a common ancestor,

but the group does not include

ALL the descendants of that ancestor.

Question 14

Evidence of evolutionary closeness

between chimps & humans:

• _______ are 99% similar (1 _______ split in 2)

• ___ came from ___ (closely related viruses share a common ancestor)

Answer 14

Evidence of evolutionary closeness

between chimps & humans:

• genomes are 99% similar (1 chromosome split in 2)

• HIV came from SIV (closely related viruses share a common ancestor)

Question 15

In the __________ _______ _______,

a species is a group of organisms that

actually or potentially interbreed.

Answer 15

In the biological species concept,

a species is a group of organisms that

actually or potentially interbreed.

Question 16

A __________ group contains

ALL descendants from a common ancestor.

Answer 16

A monophyletic group contains

ALL descendants from a common ancestor.

Question 17

Systematists examine 3 types of similarities:

_______,

__________,

& ___________.

Answer 17

Systematists examine 3 types of similarities:

genetic,

anatomical,

& microscopic.

Question 18

Taxonomic ranks categorize _______

by relative ____ & ________.

Answer 18

Taxonomic ranks categorize clades

by relative size & inclusiveness.

Question 19

_________ is the evolutionary history

of a group of organisms.

Answer 19

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history

of a group of organisms.

Question 20

Ancient origins of classification:

Answer 20

Aristotle, ~400 BC, Scala Naturae

Question 21

Darwin’s contribution to classification (1800s) was the

discovery that all life was _______ __ ______ ________,

so _________ __________ should reflect that.

Answer 21

Darwin’s contribution to classification (1800s) was the

discovery that all life was related by common ancestry,

so taxonomic categories should reflect that.

Question 22

List the 3 Domains

Answer 22

(from Woese, 1990,

based on rRNA nucleotide sequencing)

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 23

List the 8 major categories of classification (in order).

Answer 23

Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class >

Order > Family > Genus > Species

(Daring King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)

Question 24

Binomial classification originated with

_______ _______ (__00s).

_______ _______ was based on

the Creation Story & __________ similarity.

(______ + ______ only)

Answer 24

Binomial classification originated with

Carolus Linnaeus (1700s).

Systema Naturae was based on

the Creation Story & morphological similarity.

(genus + species only)

Question 25

Of an organism’s scientific name, which one functions as a noun, and which one an adjective?

Answer 25

Noun - Genus

Adjective - species

Question 26

_______ is the branch of biology concerned

with naming & classifying organisms.

(_____ - named species/group of species)

(____ - plural)

Answer 26

Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned

with naming & classifying organisms.

(taxon - named species/group of species)

(taxa - plural)

Question 27

Do systematists consider similarities gained via convergence evolution in reconstructing phylogeny?

Answer 27

No - convergence evolution is not useful

Question 28

Modern classification relies on

_______ which is based on

similarities (_______ or _______)

due to _______ _______

(and excludes _______ evolution).

Answer 28

Modern classification relies on

systematics which is based on

similarities (anatomical or molecular)

due to common ancestry

(and excludes convergent evolution).

Question 29

The total number of named organisms is _______:

Animals - __%,

Plants & Fungi - __%,

Prokaryotes & Protists - __%,

with an estimated _______ total organisms.

Answer 29

The total number of named organisms is 1.5 million:

Animals - 73%,

Plants & Fungi - 22%,

Prokaryotes & Protists - 5%,

with an estimated 8.7 million total organisms.

Question 30

Who organized living organisms based on ‘scala naturae’?

Answer 30

Aristotle

Question 31

Which 2 kingdoms contain

mostly unicellular prokaryotes?

Answer 31

Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

Question 32

Pre-1969 kingdoms:

Answer 32

Animalia, Plantae

Question 33

The main goal of systematics is

reconstructing _______

by _______ organisms

and placing them into _______ categories

based upon their _______ relationships;

communicated via _______ _____.

Answer 33

The main goal of systematics is

reconstructing phylogeny

by naming organisms

and placing them into heirarchical categories

based upon their evolutionary relationships;

communicated via evolutionary trees.