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BIOL 1407 > EXAM 4: CH 32-33-34 > Flashcards

EXAM 4: CH 32-33-34 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ refers to the constance of the body’s internal environment.

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

In homeostasis, the internal environment is in a state of _______ _______, in which it actively adjusts to ongoing internal and external changes to maintain constant conditions

A

dynamic constancy

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3
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms regulate a variety of conditions in the _______ surrounding _______.

A

Homeostatic mechanisms regulate a variety of conditions in the fluids surrounding cells.

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4
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms regulate conditions

such as t__________, w_____ levels,

s____ levels, g_______, p__, o_______,

and c_______ d_______.

A

Homeostatic mechanisms regulate conditions

such as temperature, water levels,

salt levels, glucose, pH, oxygen,

and carbon dioxide.

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5
Q

Dynamic constancy is required for

n_______ a_______,

m_______ c___________,

and optimal _______ _______

for all metabolic reactions.

A

Dynamic constancy is required for

neuronal activity,

muscle contractions,

and optimal enzyme activity

for all metabolic reactions.

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6
Q

What are the two groupings of animals according to source of body warmth?

A

endotherms

ectotherms

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7
Q

__________ generate body heat through

metabolic reactions and maintain _______

body temperature, such as _____ & _________.

A

Endotherms generate body heat through

metabolic reactions and maintain constant

body temperature, such as birds & mammals.

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8
Q

__________ derive body heat from environment;

they maintain heat either by occupying a

_______ ___________ or

___________, such as basking in the sun.

A

Ectotherms derive body heat from environment;

they maintain heat either by occupying a

constant environment or

behaviorally, such as basking in the sun.

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9
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms that maintain

internal constancy are collectively

known as _______ _______.

A

feedback systems

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts to feedback systems?

A

control center (with set point)

sensor

effector

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback systems?

A

Negative

Positive

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12
Q

The _______ feedback system is the

more common one; it _______ the effects

of _______ in the internal environment

to maintain homeostasis.

A

The negative feedback system is the

more common one; it counteracts the effects

of changes in the internal environment

to maintain homeostasis.

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13
Q

The _______ feedback system is more rare;

it drives _______, _______-_______

changes, such as the birth process.

A

The positive feedback system is more rare;

it drives rapid, self-limiting

changes, such as the birth process.

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14
Q

Label diagram:

A
  1. negative
  2. counteract
  3. negative
  4. negates
  5. stimulus:deviation from set point
  6. sensor
  7. control center
  8. effector
  9. response
  10. counteracts
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15
Q

Label the green ovals:

A
  1. stimulus
  2. condition
  3. sensor
  4. control center with set point
  5. effector
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16
Q

In negative feedback systems, a deviation from

the set point, (_______), is detected by

a _______ (or _________) which signals

a _______ _______ that activates an _______

mechanism that ___________ the stimulus.

A

In negative feedback systems, a deviation from

the set point, (stimulus), is detected by

a sensor (or receptor) which signals

a control center that activates an effector

mechanism that counteracts the stimulus.

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17
Q

Negative feedback maintains body temperature

through a control system in the __________:

If body temperature drops, _______ _______

(_______) transmit the change to the

__________ (______ ______), which activates various _______ mechanisms to

raise the body temperature, such as

__________, blood vessel ____________,

and increased ___________ rate.

A

Negative feedback maintains body temperature

through a control system in the hypothalamus:

If body temperature drops, nerve endings

(sensors) transmit the change to the

hypothalamus (control center) which activates

various effector mechanisms to raise the body

temperature, such as shivering,

blood vessel constriction,

and increased metabolic rate.

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18
Q

Positive feedback _________ the original change.

A

intensifies

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19
Q

_______ feedback occurs in labor:

__________ force baby’s head against the _______ causing it to dilate, _______-________ neurons (_______) in the cervix signal the

_____________ (_______ _______),

which releases _______, a hormone that

stimulates stronger uterine contractions;

_______ relieves pressure on the cervix,

halting the feedback cycle.

A

Positive

contractions

cervix

stretch-receptor

(sensors)

hypothalamus

(control center)

oxytocin

delivery

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20
Q

Animal _______ are composed of similar cells that perform a specific function.

A

tissues

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21
Q

_______ include two or more interacting tissue types.

A

Organs

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22
Q

_______ __________ consist of two or more interacting organs.

A

Organ systems

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23
Q

List the heirarchy of animal body organization:

A

Cells ► Tissues ► Organs ► Organ Systems

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24
Q

What are the four major categories of animal tissues?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervouus
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25
Q

What type of animal tissue consists of membranes that cover the outside body and linen its cavities?

A

epithelial

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26
Q

What type of animal tissue is adapted to the functions of protection, absorption, and gas exchange, and is continually lost and replaced by cell division?

A

epithelial

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27
Q

Skin epidermis, the lining of trachea, and the lining of lungs are examples of _______ tissue.

A

epithelial

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28
Q

Some epithelial tissues form ________ - clusters of cells that are specialized to release substances - such as _______ _____ & ________ _____.

A

glands

exocrine glands

endocrine glands

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29
Q

_______ glands release secretions using ducts.

Ex: _______ glands, ___________ glands

A

exocrine

sweat

sebaceous

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30
Q

_________ glands typically release secretions into blood.

Ex: _______ glands & _______ glands

A

Endocrine

adrenal

thyroid

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31
Q

___________ tissues exist mostly to support and bind other body tissues.

A

Connective

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32
Q

Which type of tissues secrete large quantities of extracellular substances, often including tough collagen protein fibers, among living cells?

A

connective

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33
Q

What are the three main categories of connective tissue?

A

loose

fibrous

specialized

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34
Q

Loose connective tissues attach to __________ to form __________.

A

epithelium

membranes

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35
Q

_______ connective tissue contains protein fibers and syrup-like extracellular fluid.

A

Loose

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36
Q

Dermis is an example of _______ connective tissue.

A

loose

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37
Q

_______ connective tissue contains densely packed collagen fibes that provide strength.

A

Fibrous

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38
Q

Tendons and ligaments are examples of _______ connective tissues.

A

fibrous

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39
Q

___________ connective tissues have diverse functions and structures.

A

Specialized

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40
Q

_______ is specialized connective tissue that is composed of widely spaced cells surrounded by collagen and thick gel-like matrix.

A

Cartilage

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41
Q

The functions of cartilage include _______, _______-reduction, and _______ absorption.

A

support, friction, shock

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42
Q

_______ is specialized connective tissue with cells arranged in concentric circles surrounded by calcium phosphate deposits.

A

Bone

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43
Q

_______ (fat) is specialized connective tissue that is used for energy storage and insulation.

A

Adipose

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44
Q

_______ is specialized connective tissue composed of cells suspended in extracellular fluid.

A

Blood

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45
Q

The cellular portion of blood is composed of ___ _____ ____, _____ _____ ____, and ________.

A

red blood cells

white blood cells

platelets

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46
Q

_______ is specialized connective tissue composed of fluid leaked out of blood at capillary blood vessels.

A

Lymph

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47
Q

_______ enters __________ vessels and is reintroduced into circulaiton.

A

Lymph, lymphatic

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48
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

cardiac

smooth

skeletal

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49
Q

What type of tissue contracts (shortens) when stimulated?

A

muscle

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50
Q

Of the three types of muscle tissue, which contract voluntarily and which contract involuntarily?

A

voluntary: skeletal
involuntary: cardiac, smooth

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51
Q

Where is smooth muscle located, and what is its function?

A

in tubular organs

slow, sustained, involuntary contractions

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52
Q

What is the cellular structure of skeletal muscle?

A

cells are cylindrical muscle fibers

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53
Q

Nerve tissue is composed of _______ and _______ cells.

A

neurons, glial

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54
Q

_______ are cells that transmit electrical signals.

A

Neurons

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55
Q

_______ cells surround, support, and electrically insulate neurons.

A

Glial

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56
Q

Why would a constant supply of glucose and oxygen be important to a cell?

a. They fuel the process of anaerobic respiration, which provides the cell with the maximum amount of energy per glucose.
b. Their presence allows the cell to enter metabolic reactions that generate the ATP required to fuel cell activities.
c. Metabolism in cells is directly fueled by glucose when oxygen is present.
d. ATP is a waste product that must be removed by the cells through the metabolism of glucose and oxygen.

A

b. Their presence allows the cell to enter metabolic reactions that generate the ATP required to fuel cell activities.

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57
Q

How will a fever of 105°F affect metabolic reactions in a person’s body?

a. Heat changes the catalysts’ three-dimensional structure, which will shut down metabolic reactions
b. It will slow down metabolic reactions, making the use of glucose less efficient
c. It will speed up metabolic reactions, making the use of glucose more efficient
d. Heat changes the catalysts’ three-dimensional structure, speeding up metabolic reactions.

A

a. Heat changes the catalysts’ three-dimensional structure, which will shut down metabolic reactions

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58
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

a. The maintenance of stable conditions in the body for optimal cell functioning
b. The maintenance of identical conditions in a cell at all stages in the cell cycle
c. The maintenance of the same exact conditions in every cell in a body
d. The maintenance of identical conditions on the inside and outside of a cell

A

a. The maintenance of stable conditions in the body for optimal cell functioning

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59
Q

Why do you get “goose bumps” when you are cold and shiver?

a. Adipose collects in pockets under the skin to warm the outer surface, making the hairs stand up on end, causing the bumpy appearance
b. Muscles surrounding skin hairs contract. This generates heat, making the hairs stand up on end, causing the bumpy appearance
c. The skin fills with blood to warm the outer surface, making a bumpy appearance
d. The skin fills with tiny warming air pockets, causing the bumpy appearance

A

b. Muscles surrounding skin hairs contract. This generates heat, making the hairs stand up on end, causing the bumpy appearance

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60
Q

Where would a single layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting epithelial cells be found?

a. trachea
b. stomach
c. mouth
d. skin

A

a. trachea

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61
Q

A structure that is made of more than one kind of tissue is ___ _______.

a. an organ
b. undergoing mitosis
c. mutated
d. damaged

A

a. an organ

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62
Q

Why would a constant supply of glucose and oxygen be important to a cell?

a. Their presence allows the cell to enter metabolic reactions that generate the ATP required to fuel cell activities
b. They fuel the process of anaerobic respiration, which provides the cell with the maximum amount of energy per glucose
c. ATP is a waste product that must be removed by the cells through the metabolism of glucose and oxygen
d. Metabolism in cells is only fueled by glucose when oxygen is present

A

a. Their presence allows the cell to enter metabolic reactions that generate the ATP required to fuel cell activities

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63
Q

__________ are endotherms and __________ are ectotherms.

a. Fish; humans
b. Fish; lizards
c. Humans; monkeys
d. Humans; fish

A

d. Humans; fish

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64
Q

How would falling though ice affect metabolic reactions in a person’s body?

a. There would be no change, as the cells would generate their own heat through metabolic
reactions.
b. Very cold temperatures would immediately cause the enzymes to denature and all metabolic reactions to halt.
c. Very cold temperatures would significantly speed up the reactions, especially the need for oxygen and ATP.
d. Very cold temperatures would significantly slow down the reactions, especially the need for oxygen and ATP.

A

d. Very cold temperatures would significantly slow down the reactions, especially the need for oxygen and ATP.

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65
Q

From smallest to largest, which is the correct order of levels of organization of living things?

a. Subatomic particles, molecules, organelles, atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
b. Organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms, subatomic particles
c. Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
d. Molecules, atoms, subatomic particles, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

A

c. Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

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66
Q

You constantly lose epithelial skin cells, and yet your skin remains intact. This is because ________.

a. the connective tissue cells replace the lost epithelial cells
b. you are born with enough epithelial cells to withstand the continuous loss
c. the epithelial skin cells are constantly replaced through meiosis
d. the epithelial skin cells are constantly replaced through mitosis

A

d. the epithelial skin cells are constantly replaced through mitosis

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67
Q

Bone cells form in circles around a central canal.

What is in this central canal?

a. Cartilage
b. Connective tissue
c. A blood vessel
d. Adipose tissue

A

c. A blood vessel

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68
Q

When the body’s response to swelling caused by an insect bite is to release histamine, which causes more swelling and releases more histamine, the organism is using a ________ feedback loop.

a. Positive
b. Negative

A

a. Positive

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69
Q

Bones are connected to other bones by ________.

a. Epithelial tissue
b. Tendons
c. Ligaments
d. Mesentery

A

c. Ligaments

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70
Q

Which tissue is characterized by a basement membrane and a single layer of flattened cells with a free surface?

a. Simple epithelium
b. Connective tissue
c. Muscle tissue
d. Stratified epithelium
e. Undifferentiated tissue

A

a. Simple epithelium

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71
Q

The term ____________ refers to the fact that an epithelium has only one layer of cells.

a. Stratified
b. Columnar
c. Simple
d. Cuboidal

A

c. Simple

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72
Q

Which is not a connective tissue?

a. Blood
b. Bone
c. Muscle
d. Cartilage

A

c. Muscle

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73
Q

The outer layer of skin is composed of ____________ .

a. Stratified squamous epithelium
b. Simple columnar epithelium
c. Simple cuboidal epithelium
d. Simple squamous epithelium

A

a. Stratified squamous epithelium

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74
Q

What are the three major parts of circulatory systems?

A

blood

blood vessels

heart

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75
Q

Which phyla have open circulatory systems?

A

Arthropoda & Mollusca

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76
Q

Closed circulatory systems are found in some _____________ and all _____________.

A

invertebrates

vertebrates

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77
Q

Functions of the circulatory system:

transport ___ & ___

distribute n________

transport ______

distribute h________

regulate ____ __________

prevent _____ loss

protect against _______

A

O2 & CO2

nutrients

waste

hormones

body temperature

blood

disease

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78
Q

Chambers of the heart that collect blood from the body, contract, and deposit blood in ventricles are _______.

A

atria

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79
Q

Chambers of the heart that contract and discharge blood to the body are ________.

A

ventricles

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80
Q

The earliest vertebrate hearts had ___ chambers: ___ atria(um) & ___ ventricle(s)

Example: ______

A

2 chambers

1 atrium

1 ventricle

fish

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81
Q

Amphibians and most reptiles have ___-chambered hearts, with ___ atrium(a) and ___ ventricle(s).

A

3 chambers

2 atria

1 ventricle

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82
Q

Mammals & birds have the most advanced heart, with ___ atria, ___ ventricles, allowing for the separation of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood which __________ oxygen levels in blood.

A

2 atria

2 ventricles

maximizes

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83
Q

_______ carry blood to atria.

(body ► heart)

A

Veins

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84
Q

_______ carry blood away from ventricles.

(heart ► body)

A
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85
Q

The human heart is made of two separate pumps.

Which 2 chambers make up the Right Pump?

Which 2 chambers make up the Left Pump?

A

Right Pump: right atrium & right ventricle

Left Pump: left atrium & left ventricle

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86
Q

Function of the right pump of the human heart:

The right ______ receives oxygen-____ blood from the body by the superior & inferior ____ _____.

The right _____ ejects oxygen-____ blood into _________ ________ to be oxygenated by lungs.

A

atrium

poor

vena cavae

ventricle

poor

pulmonary arteries

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87
Q

Function of the left pump of the human heart:

The left ______ receives oxygen-____ blood from the lungs by _________ _____.

The left _________ ejects oxygen-____ blood into the _____ to be distributed to ____ _______.

A

atrium

rich

pulmonary veins

ventricle

rich

aorta

body tissues

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88
Q

The two pumps of the human heart are separated by the ___________ _______.

A

ventricular septum

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89
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is composed of cells that are small, branched, striated, and linked to one another via intercalated discs containing gap junctions?

A

cardiac

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90
Q

___ junctions are vital to the function of cardiac muscle because they allow the __________ ________ that trigger contractions to spread directly and _______ from one muscle cell to the next, resulting in _____________, _____________ contractions.

A

Gap

electrical signals

rapidly

coordinated

synchronous

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91
Q

The Cardiac Cycle:

Both _____ contract & pump blood into _________.

Both _________ contract & pump blood into _______.

All chambers _____ _____ before the cycle repeats.

The cycle lasts less than _________.

A

atria

ventricles

ventricles

arteries

relax briefly

1 second

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92
Q

Blood pressure during ventricular contraction is ___________ pressure.

A

systolic

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93
Q

Blood pressure during ventricular relaxation is ___________ pressure.

A

diastolic

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94
Q

Hypertension is caused by the constriction of ___________.

It causes ____________ to blood flow and _______ on the heart.

A

arterioles

resistance

strain

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95
Q

Hypertension interacting with _______ arteries can lead to _______ _______, which can cause _______ _______ & _______.

A

hardened

blood clots

heart attack

stroke

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96
Q

______________ valves allow blood to flow from atria to ventricles, preventing back flow.

A

Atriventricular

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97
Q

_________ valves allow blood to flow from ventricles to arteries, preventing back flow.

A

Semilunar

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98
Q

Contractions of the cardiac cycle are coordinated by ______________ cells, which regularly produce spontaneous _______ _______ to stimulate contraction.

A

pacemaker

electrical impulses

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99
Q

The primary pacemaker is the __________ ____ (__ ____).

A

sinoatrial node

(SA node)

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100
Q

The sinoatrial node is located in the upper wall of the _____ ______. It generates impulses that spread through muscle cells of both atria so that the atria _______ __ _______ and finish emptying blood.

A

right atrium

contract in unison

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101
Q

The second pacemaker, the ______________ node (__ node), is in the floor of the _______ _______ and is stimulated by the SA node impulse. After a __ ______ delay, it sends an impulse to ventricles (by __________ _______), causing them to contract.

A

atrioventricular (AV)

right atrium

.1 second

excitable fibers

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102
Q

The ___ _____ maintains a heart rate of 100 bpm.

A

SA node

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103
Q

At rest, the ______________ nervous system slows the heart to to ~70bpm.

A

parasympathetic

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104
Q

During exercise & stress, the _______ nervous system _______ the heart rate.

A

sympathetic

increases

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105
Q

Under stress, the endocrine system can modify the heart rate by releasing ___________, which stimulates the ___ _____ and increases the heart rate.

A

epinephrine

SA node

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106
Q

What are the 2 major components of blood?

A

plasma, 55-60%

cellular components, 40-45%

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107
Q

Plasma, which is the _____ portion of blood, is about 90% _____ in which p_______, s____, n________, h________, g____, and w_____ are dissolved.

A

fluid

water

proteins

salts

nutrients

hormones

gases

wastes

108
Q

The cellular components of blood are:

A

red blood cells

white blood cells

platelets

109
Q

Which cellular component of blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?

A

red blood cells

110
Q

Which cellular component of blood helps defend teh body against disease?

A

white blood cells

111
Q

Which cellular component of blood are fragments that aid in blood clotting?

A

platelets

112
Q

_________ are plasma proteins that maintain osmotic pressure of blood.

A

Albumins

113
Q

_________ are plasma proteins that transport nutrients & act in immunity.

A

Globulins

114
Q

___________ are plasma proteins that are involved with blood clotting.

A

Fibrinogen

115
Q

Red blood cells, also called ____________, make up ___% of all blood cells.

A

erythrocytes

99

116
Q

Which blood cells carry oxygen from lungs to tissues and (in humans) have a biconcave disk shape?

A

erythrocytes

(red blood cells)

117
Q

What causes the red color of erythrocytes?

A

hemoglobin

118
Q

Structure & Function of red blood cells:

  • 4 ___________ chains + 4 ____ groups
  • in _____, each heme group binds to ___ (turning hemoglobin cherry red)
  • at _______, hemoglobin releases O2 and picks up ___
A

polypeptide

heme

lungs

O2

tissues

CO2

119
Q

Erythrocyte life cycle:

Where formed?

What is removed during formation?

Life span?

A

red bone marrow

nucleus

~4 months

120
Q

How many erythrocytes die per second and what are they replace by?

A

2 million

bone marrow

121
Q

What happens to red blood cells after they die?

A

removed by liver and spleen,

iron recycled and used to form more hemoglobin

122
Q

When blood oxygen levels are low, the kidneys release ______________ which stimulates additional red blood cell formation by ____ ________; this is an example of _________ feedback.

A

erythropoietin

bone marrow

negative

123
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

124
Q

___________ are white blood cells that can produce antibodies used in immunity.

A

Lymphocytes

125
Q

______________are mobile, amoeba-like white blood cells that engulf foreign particles and bacteria.

A

Macrophages

126
Q

___________________ are formed in red bone marrow and form platelets when they fragment and enter circulation.

A

Megakaryocytes

127
Q

______ ______ are fromed from sticky _____ protein threads, platelets, and other blood cells to form a patch over a wound site.

A

Blood clots

fibrin

128
Q

_______ & _________ are thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

arterioles

129
Q

__________ are __________ vessels that allow blood and body cells to exchange nutrients and wastes.

A

Capillaries

microscopic

130
Q

_______ & _________ carry blood back to the heart.

A

Veins

venules

131
Q

_________ control the distribution of blood flow.

A

Arterioles

132
Q

Pattern of blood flow:

heart ► _____ ► _____ ► _____ ► _____ ► _____ ► heart

A

heart ► arteries ► arterioles ► capillaries ► venules ► veins ► heart

133
Q

_____ are thick-walled vessels that contain _____ muscle and _____ tissue to withstand high pressure; elastic recoil maintains blood pressure during _____.

A

Arteries

smooth

elastic

diastole

134
Q

_______ branch off of arteries, are _____ in diameter, and help control _________ of blood flow.

A

Arterioles

smaller

distribution

135
Q

________ are the tiniest vessels - thin, _____-____ thick for easy ________; allow for the exchange of materials between blood, ________ _____, and body _____.

A

Capillaries

single-cell

diffusion

interstitial fluids

cells

136
Q

__________ _____ is found in the spaces sorrounding tissue cells resulting from the blood pressure driven leakage of capillaries.

A

Interstitial fluid

137
Q

Capillaries merge to form larger _____, which merge to form _____.

A

venules

veins

138
Q

Veins contain _____ _____ and _____ _____; are _____ & _____-walled than arteries; and contain _____-_____ valves.

A

smooth muscle

elastic tissue

wider

thinner

one-way

139
Q

Skeletal muscle contractions compress _____ and drive blood movement _____ the _____.

A

veins

towards

heart

140
Q

Muscular _____ walls contract & relax to redirect _____ _____ & regulate _____ _____.

A

arteriole

blood flow

blood pressure

141
Q

Capillary blood flow is controlled by ________ ________ muscles.

A

precapillary sphincter

142
Q

The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic _____, lymphatic _____, lymph _____, _____, and _____.

A

vessels

capillaries

nodes

thymas

spleen

143
Q

The lymphatic system returns excess ________ _____ to circulation, transports fats from _____ ________ to circulation, and contributes to _______.

A

interstitial fluid

small intestine

immunity

144
Q

Lymphatic capillary cells _____ and act as ___-___ _____, allowing fluid and particles to drain into lymphatic capillaries.

A

overlap

one-way

valves

145
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge to form _____ _____.

A

lymphatic vessels

146
Q

Lymphatic vessels are similar in structure to _____, with ___-___ _____ and lymph flow driven by _____ __________.

A

veins

one-way flow

muscle contractions

147
Q

More than 3-4 liters of excess interstitial fluid are generated per ______, which are collected by the lymphatic system and deposited into _____ _____, where the _____ ____ joins with the ____ ____.

A

day

general circulation

thoracic duct

vena cava

148
Q

__________ is a disease caused when parastic roundworms colonize _____ _____, preventing drainage of _____ and causing extreme _____.

A

Elephantiasis

lymphatic vessels

lymph

edema

149
Q

_____ are patches of connective tissue containing many __________ that destroy bacteria and viruses.

A

Tonsils

lymphocytes

150
Q

_____ _____ are kidney-shaped structures that connect lymph vessels, contain many __________ and __________, and destroy _______ ________ in lymph.

A

Lymph nodes

macrophages

lymphocytes

foreign particles

151
Q

The _____ is found above the heart and is an important site of lymphocyte development.

A

thymas

152
Q

The _____ is found in the abdominal cavity, and filters _____ and destroys old ___ _____ _____.

A

spleen

blood

red blood cells

153
Q

Why is an open circulatory system less efficient than a closed circulatory system?

a. The blood pressure is higher in an open system, forcing the blood around the body too quickly for nutrients to be delivered and wastes to be picked up
b. In an open system, blood is contained in a continuous series of vessels, making it more difficult to distribute nutrients
c. It is more difficult to extract nutrients and remove waste when they are in the same compartment
d. Blood flows around the body at a constant rate in an open system

A

c. It is more difficult to extract nutrients and remove waste when they are in the same compartment

154
Q

Which describes the correct flow of blood returned to the heart by the vena cavas?

a. Vena cavas, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, right atrium, right ventricle, aorta
b. Vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
c. Vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary veins, lungs, pulmonary arteries, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
d. Vena cavas, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary veins, lungs, pulmonary arteries, right atrium, right ventricle, aorta

A

b. Vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

155
Q

Which of the following is an example of a healthy blood pressure reading?

a. Diastolic of 120 and systolic of 80
b. Diastolic of 140 and systolic of 90
c. Diastolic of 80 and systolic of 120
d. Diastolic of 90 and systolic of 140

A

c. Diastolic of 80 and systolic of 120

156
Q

Why would an increase in erythropoietin be beneficial to an athlete?

a. It prevents the production of lactic acid in their muscles
b. It increases the production of red blood cells
c. It enhances the ability of their red blood cells to carry oxygen
d. It enhances their ability to produce lactic acid

A

b. It increases the production of red blood cells

157
Q

People who have been trapped in an avalanche or fallen through ice often lose their nose, fingers, and toes. Why does this happen?

a. The skin is thinner in these areas and does not sufficiently protect against the cold
b. Only veins are located in these areas, and most of the heat from the body core has already been distributed by the time the blood arrives to these extremities
c. In extreme cold, the blood is directed to the vital organs in the trunk of the body and around the brain
d. The blood freezes in these areas, causing the tissue to die

A

c. In extreme cold, the blood is directed to the vital organs in the trunk of the body and around the brain

158
Q

What mechanism helps promote the return of the blood to the heart through the veins?

a. The pressure caused by the size difference between the capillaries and veins forces blood back to the heart
b. Veins contract continuously, sending blood back to the heart
c. Gravity acts to send blood from the veins back to the heart
d. Valves force the blood to move in one direction through the veins back toward the heart

A

d. Valves force the blood to move in one direction through the veins back toward the heart

159
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

a. To filter the blood of toxins and excess vitamins and drugs
b. To carry fats from the small intestine to the bloodstream
c. To restore extra fluid from the tissues to the circulatory system
d. To harbor white blood cells to help protect the body from foreign invaders

A

a. To filter the blood of toxins and excess vitamins and drugs

160
Q

Elephantiasis results when interstitial fluids in tissues can’t be returned to the circulatory system. What symptoms would this cause?

a. Swelling in the lower extremities
b. Breaking down of the connective tissue
c. Low blood pressure
d. High blood pressure

A

a. Swelling in the lower extremities

161
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The constancy of the body’s internal environment;

the maintenance of stable conditions in the body for optimal cell functions

162
Q

What are some of the internal body conditions that remain in a dynamic state through homeostasis?

A

Temperature, water & salt levels, glucose, pH, oxygen & carbon dioxide

163
Q

What is the difference between negative and positive feedback systems?

A

Negative feedback counteracts a change to regain homeostasis,

positive feedback intensifies the original change.

164
Q

Where is the center for control of temperature in mammals?

A

hypothalamus

165
Q

What are Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems?

A

Tissues – collection of similar cells that perform a specific function

Organs – two or more interacting tissue types

Organ systems – two or more interacting organs

166
Q

Examples of Epithelial tissues

Skin epidermis, lining of trachea, lining of lungs,

exocrine glands, endocrine glands

A

Skin epidermis, lining of trachea, lining of lungs,

exocrine glands, endocrine glands

167
Q

What is connective tissue and what are some examples?

A

Supports & binds other body tissues by secreting extracellular substances, such as collagen protein fibers, among living cells

Examples: Loose - dermis, Fibrous - tendons & ligaments, & Specialized

168
Q

What are some examples of specialized connective tissue?

A

Cartilage, bone, adipose, blood, lymph

169
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscles?

A

Cardiac, smooth skeletal

170
Q

What are the cell types that make the nerve tissue?

A

neurons, glial cells

171
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

Energy storage & insulation

172
Q

What type of muscle is voluntary; which one is involuntary?

A

Voluntary: skeletal

Involuntary: cardiac, smooth

173
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands make and release secretions via ducts or openings to a body surface, such as sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands.

Endocrine glands make hormones and releases them directly into blood, such as adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands.

174
Q

Mention the parts of the circulatory systems.

A

Blood, blood vessels, heart

175
Q

What is an open circulatory system and examples of animals with this type of system

A

Arthropods and mollusks have open circulatory systems, in which blood is pumped into a homocoel where it bathes internal organs before returning to the heart.

176
Q

What is a closed circulatory system? Give examples of animals with it.

A

Blood is confined within a continuous vascular network with a pumping heart

Some invertebrates, all vertebrates

177
Q

Mention the general functions of circulatory systems.

A

Transport oxygen & carbon dioxide; distribute nutrients; transport waste; distribute hormones; regulate body temperature; prevent blood loss; protect against disease

178
Q

Know the differences between the heart and circulatory system of fish, amphibians, and mammals (chamber numbers etc).

A

Fish: 1 atrium, 1 ventricle, gill & body capillaries

Amphibians: 2 atria, 1 ventricle, lung & body capillaries

Mammals: 2 atria, 2 ventricles, lung & body capillaries + arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, separation of oxygen-rich from oxygen-poor blood

179
Q

path of circulation of the human heart:

A

From body, oxygen-poor blood ►Vena cava

► right atrium ► right ventricle

► pulmonary arteries where blood is oxygenated by lungs

► pulmonary veins ► left atrium ► left ventricle

► aorta ► arteries ► arterioles ► capillaries

180
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node) – upper wall right atrium, generates impulses that spread throughout cardiac muscle cells of atria

181
Q

What is systolic or diastolic pressure?

A

Systolic: blood pressure during ventricular contraction

Diastolic: blood pressure during ventricular relaxation

182
Q

What is the content of plasma in blood?

A

90% water, + hormones, nutrients, gases, salts, wastes, proteins

183
Q

What types of cells are found in the blood and what is their function?

A

99% Red blood cells – erythrocytes – carry oxygen from lungs to tissues

<1% White blood cells – leukocytes – protect against disease

184
Q

How does erythropoietin regulate red blood cell numbers?

A

When blood oxygen levels are low, erythropoietin is released by kidneys and stimulates additional red blood cell formation by bone marrow (negative feedback)

185
Q

What are the steps in the blood clotting (coagulation) process?

A
  • Vasoconstriction (bleeding stops)
  • Formation of a temporary platelet plug
  • Activation of the coagulation cascade (thrombin – principle enzyme, catalyzes polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin & activates clotting factors)
  • Formation of the fibrin plug (fibrin + platelets)
  • Fibrinolysis – clot dissolves, blood vessel returns to normal state
186
Q

Mention some types of white blood cells and their function.

A

Lymphocytes – produce antibodies used in immunity

Macrophages – mobile, amoeba-like, engulf foreign particles & bacteria

187
Q

What are the main types of blood vessels and their functions?

A

Arteries: carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body; maintain blood pressure during diastole

Veins: carry oxygen-poor blood from body back to heart

Capillaries: single-cell thin walls allow for diffusion of materials between blood, interstitial fluids, and body cells

188
Q

What are the parts and functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Parts: l. vessels, l. capillaries, l. nodes, thymus, spleen

Functions: returns excess interstitial fluid to circulation; transports fats from small intestine to circulation; contributes to immunity

189
Q

identify the image:

A

open circulatory system

190
Q
A

bone

191
Q
A

blood

192
Q
A

cartilage

193
Q
A
194
Q
A
195
Q
A
196
Q
A
197
Q
A
198
Q
A
199
Q
A
200
Q
A

megakaryocyte forming platelets

201
Q
A

negative feedback diagram

****NEED TO LABEL***

202
Q

Gas exchange supports _______ ___________.

A

cellular respiration

203
Q

Gas exchange in vertebrates:

  • Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs, deposited in _____, and transported to ____ _____.
  • Oxygen is used in _______ __________ to convert the energy in nutrients in ___, generating ___ as a waste product.
  • Blood transports ___ from tissues to lungs.
    • ___ is released from lungs during __________.
A

blood

body cells

cellular respiration

ATP

CO2

CO2

CO2

exhalation

204
Q

What 3 features are common to all animal respiratory systems?

A
  • moist surfaces to accomodate gas diffusion
  • cells lining surface are thin to optimize gas diffusion
  • large surface area for adequate gas exchange
205
Q

Some animals in moist environments, such as _______, lack ________ ________ ________;

they bring the environment close to all their cells which allows _______ __________ of _____ to _______.

A

specialized respiratory structures

greater exposure

cells

oxygen

206
Q

In all flatworms, gas exchange by ________ occurs through an extensive ___-________ ____ surface;

some flatworms also possess a ________ ________ used for gas exchange.

A

diffusion

gas-permeable skin

gastrovascular cavity

207
Q

Some large animals in moist environments, such as ___ ________, have ___ ________ demands and rely on their ________ _____ ________ for gas exchange.

A

sea jellies

low energy

moist body surface

208
Q

Some animals in moist environments, such as earthworms, combine ______ _____ _______ area with ____-________ circulation for delivery to cells;

________ carry oxygen from skin to body tissues which sustains a favorable oxygen ________ ________ between skin and blood.

A

large skin surface

well-developed

capillaries

concentration gradient

209
Q

______ ______ describes when fluids or gases move through spaces from high pressure to low pressure.

A

bulk flow

210
Q

Respiratory systems alternate ______ ______ of air/water and ________ of ______.

A

bulk flow

diffusion

gases

211
Q

Gas exchange in mammals:

  1. Gases move in/out of the lungs by ______ ______.
  2. O2 & CO2 are exchanged in lungs by ________.
  3. Gases dissolved in blood are transported to/from tissues by _____ _____.
  4. O2 & CO2 are exchanged in tissues by _______.
A

bulk flow

diffusion

bulk flow

diffusion

212
Q

In aquatic animals, _____ are _______ projections of the body that exchange gases, which can be elaborately folded to ________ their ______ ____, and have many ________ to bring blood to ____ _______ for gas exchange.

A

gills

external

maximize

surface area

capillaries

body surface

213
Q

Fish gills are protected by a bony flap called an __________.

A

operculum

214
Q

Fish controls water flow over gills by ________________________ ,

and water flows over gills and out of body through _______

openings.

A

swimming with mouth open

opecular

215
Q

Two common terrestrial respiratory structures are:

A

tracheae (insects)

lungs (most terrestrial vertebrates)

216
Q

________ are elaborately branched internal tubes that deliver air to body cells.

A

Tracheae

217
Q

Tracheae branch into smaller tubes called _________.

A

tracheoles

218
Q

Air enters tracheae through abdominal openings called __________.

A

spiracles

219
Q

Some insects use ________ __________ to enhance air movements.

A

abdominal contractions

220
Q
A
221
Q
A
222
Q

Many amphibians:

  • use _____ as larvae
  • and simple, ___-____ _____ as more terrestrial adults
  • use the skin as a supplemental ___________ _______

– Example: tadpoles and a bullfrog

A

gills

sac-like lungs

respiratory surface

223
Q

In reptiles:

  • Scales reduce ____ _____ loss and allow for survival in dry environments
  • and reduce ___ ________ through skin
  • Lungs have more ___________ ______ area than amphibians
A

water loss

gas exchange

respiratory surface

224
Q

Birds breathe exclusively with _____, which are extremely efficient at accommodating ______ ________ during flight.

Air flows through lungs during __________ and _________ due to coordination of ___ ___ _______.

A

lungs

oxygen demands

inhalation

exhalation

air sac activity

225
Q

Bird lungs are filled with thin walled tubes called ______________.

A

parabronchi

226
Q

The human respiratory system can be divided into two parts

– The _________ portion
– The ___-________ portion

A

conducting

gas-exchange

227
Q

The ________ portion is a series of passageways that carry air into the ____________ portion of the lungs that:

  • _____ and _______ air on way to lungs
  • filters ______ via _____ that lines respiratory passages
  • mucus is carried to ________ by _____ lining respiratory passages
A

conducting

gas-exchange

warms

moistens

debris

mucus

pharynx

cilia

228
Q

List the body parts/organs/tissues that make up the conducting portion of the human respiratory system:

A

nose & mouth

nasal cavity & oral

pharynx

larynx (& vocal cords)

epiglottis

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

229
Q

The _______ is the chamber where nasal & oral cavities converge.

A

pharynx

230
Q

The larynx contains _____ _____.

A

vocal cords

231
Q

_____ _____ are bands of elastic tissue controlled by muscles that vibrate as exhaled air passes over them.

A

Vocal cords

232
Q

The larynx is covered by the _________, a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering it when swallowing.

A

epiglottis

233
Q

Bronchioles are lined with _____ ______ that can constrict or dilate the passageway.

A

smooth muscle

234
Q

Name the structures of the gas exchange portion of the human respiratory system:

A

alveoli

capillary networks

respiratory membrane

alveolar membrane

surfactant fluid

235
Q

_____ are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

  • ___ ________ in both lungs
  • have an extensive collective ______ ____
  • are enmeshed in _________
  • are made of a single thin layer of ___________ _____ that form the innermost portion of the __________ _________ across which ___ ________ occurs
A

alveoli

300 million

surface area

capillaries

endothelial cells

respiratory membrane

gas exchange

236
Q

The respiratory membrane

  • consists of the _______ _______ and the layer of _______ _____ that forms the innermost wall of each capillary
  • The _______ and _______ walls are only one cell thick, minimizing _________ ________ for gases between the blood and the air
A

alveolar epithelium

endothelial cells

alveolar

capillary

diffusion distance

237
Q

Oxygen diffuses down the ___________ ________ from lung air into ________ _____ and is then transported to the _____ and then the _____________.

A

concentration gradient

capillary blood

heart

rest of the body

238
Q

Metabolically active tissues release _____ _______ into blood, which transports it to ______ _________, where it diffuses down the ___________ _______ into _______ ___, which is then exhaled.

A

carbon dioxide

alveolar capillaries

concentration gradient

alveolar air

239
Q

_________ is the oily secretion lining alveolar walls that reduces _______ _______ to _______ ________ during exhalation.

A

Surfactant

surface tension

prevent collapse

240
Q

_________ is an iron-containing protein in blood that can bind to ____ ___ molecules.

When bound to O2 it is ______-___, when not bound it is ______-___.

A

Hemoglobin

four O2

cherry-red

maroon-red

241
Q

CO2 is transported in the blood in three ways:

(1) Dissolved in _____ as ___ (10%)
(2) Bound to __________ (20%)
(3) As ___________ ions (70%)

A

plasma

CO2

hemoglobin

bicarbonate

242
Q

The __________ _______ is a cluster of nerve cells located in the _______ of the brain that generates _______ bursts of _________ that cause __________ of respiratory muscles, and sets baseline ________ ____.

A

respiratory center

medulla

cyclic

contraction

impulses

breathing rate

243
Q

Breathing rate can be modified by

– blood ___ levels
– blood ___ levels
– ______ levels

A

CO2
O2

activity

244
Q

When _____________ in medulla detect elevated ___ levels,

they stimulate the ________ ______

which causes an increase in ________ _____ and _____.

A

chemoreceptors

CO2

respiratory center

breathing rate & depth

245
Q

When chemoreceptors in _____ and _____ arteries detect drastically low __ levels, they stimulate the respiratory center which causes an increase in breathing rate and depth (but __________________).

A

aorta

carotid

O2

has little influence on normal breathing

246
Q

During exercise, _____ _____ _______ activate _______ and stimulate the respiratory center, which causes increased breathing rate and depth and occurs _________ significant changes in blood ___ and __ concentrations.

A

higher brain centers

muscles

in advance of

CO2

O2

247
Q

List the organ systems of the human body (11)

A

integumentary

respiratory

circulatory

lymphatic/immune

nervous

endocrine

digestive

urinary

skeletal

muscular

reproductive

248
Q
A
249
Q
A
250
Q
A
251
Q
A
252
Q

Respiration is the_______________

A

combination of breathing and cellular respiration

253
Q

What type of respiratory system do sponges have?

A

Water delivers gases directly to the sponge cells, eliminating the need for respiratory structures

254
Q

What is a respiration challenge that monkeys face but fish don’t?

A

Dry air makes it a challenge to keep respiratory structures moist

255
Q

What specialized adaptation do birds have that other animals do not?

A

They can remove oxygen from air during exhalation and inhalation

256
Q

When you choke on water or a small food particle, what structure is operating too slowly?

A

epiglottis

257
Q

Which of the following transport mechanisms in the blood is shared by both carbon dioxide and oxygen?

  • Converted to and transported as carbon monoxide
  • Dissolved in the blood plasm
  • Transported on hemoglobin
  • Transported as sodium bicarbonate ions
A

Transported on hemoglobin

258
Q

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

oxygen & glucose

259
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

ATP, carbon dioxide, water

260
Q

What organisms lack specialized respiratory surfaces?

A

Sponges and jellyfish

261
Q

What are the specialized respiratory structures of insects, and what are the openings in the exoskeleton called?

A

tracheae

spiracles

262
Q

What organisms present lungs?

A

amphibians (adults)

reptiles & birds

mammals

263
Q

What organism has the most efficient lungs and why?

A

Mammals

264
Q

What is the pathway that air follows in the human respiratory system?

A

nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (and back out)

265
Q

What are the steps of respiration?

A

Conduction: inhaled air is moistened & warmed & debris removed as it moves through the nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, to the alveoli

Gas exchange in alveoli: O2 from air diffuses down conc. gradient into capillary blood, then to heart, then to body; CO2 from blood diffuses down conc. gradient into alveolus, then exhaled

266
Q

How do Oxygen and Carbon dioxide get transported?

A

O2: hemoglobin

CO2: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or reacts with water to form bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

BIOL 1407 (10 decks)

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