CH 44

Question 1

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

are tissues found in the

________ tissue system of plants.

Answer 1

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

are tissues found in the

ground tissue system of plants.

Question 2

Epidermis and periderm are tissues found in the

________ tissue systems of plants.

Answer 2

Epidermis and periderm are tissues found in the

dermal tissue systems of plants.

Question 3

Xylem and phloem are tissues found in the

________ tissue systems of plants.

Answer 3

Xylem and phloem are tissues found in the

vascular tissue systems of plants.

Question 4

Photosynthesis, nutrient storage, support,

and hormone secretion are functions of

___________ cells in plants.

Answer 4

Photosynthesis, nutrient storage, support,

and hormone secretion are functions of

parenchyma cells in plants.

Question 5

Nutrient storage and support for non-woody plants

and all leaf stalks are functions of

__________ cells in plants.

Answer 5

Nutrient storage and support for non-woody plants

and all leaf stalks are functions of

collenchyma cells in plants.

Question 6

Plant cells that are a major component of wood and nut shells and also support plant bodies as fibers in vascular tissues are ___________ cells.

Answer 6

Plant cells that are a major component of wood and nut shells and also support plant bodies as fibers in vascular tissues are sclerenchyma cells.

Question 7

Plant tissue that protects plant surfaces and regulates water and gas exchange is ________.

Answer 7

Plant tissue that protects plant surfaces and regulates water and gas exchange is epidermis.

Question 8

Plant tissue that thickens stems and roots

with a protective cork layer in support of

secondary growth is ________.

Answer 8

Plant tissue that thickens stems and roots

with a protective cork layer in support of

secondary growth is periderm.

Question 9

Plant tissue that transports water and nutrients from root to shoot is ________.

Answer 9

Plant tissue that transports water and nutrients from root to shoot is xylem.

Question 10

Plant tissue that transports sugars

and other organic molecules

throughout the plant body is ________.

Answer 10

Plant tissue that transports sugars

and other organic molecules

throughout the plant body is phloem.

Question 11

Ground tissue in plants is located between

the ________ and ________ ________

of roots, stems, and leaves.

Answer 11

Ground tissue in plants is located between

the epidermis and vascular tissues

of roots, stems, and leaves.

Question 12

Dermal tissue in plants is the ______ ______

of roots, stems, and leaves.

Answer 12

Dermal tissue in plants is the outer layer

of roots, stems, and leaves.

Question 13

Vascular tissue in plants

is located in the ______ of ______ and

dispersed through the ______ and ______.

Answer 13

Vascular tissue in plants

is located in the center of roots and

dispersed through the stems and leaves.

Question 14

A ________ is the embryonic leaf inside a seed.

Answer 14

A cotyledon is the embryonic leaf inside a seed.

Question 15

In flowering plants, the functions of roots are:

________, ________ of water & minerals,

_____ storage, production of ________, and

___________ of H₂O & substances to/from ____.

Answer 15

In flowering plants, the functions of roots are:

anchorage, absorption of water & minerals,

sugar storage, production of hormones, and

transportation of H₂O & substances to/from shoot.

Question 16

The functions of shoots in flowering plants are:

____________, ____________,

production of ________,

and transportation of ______ &

________ throughout plant.

Answer 16

The functions of shoots in flowering plants are:

photosynthesis, reproduction,

production of hormones,

and transportation of water &

substances throughout plant.

Question 17

In plants, ________ cells are undifferentiated cells.

Answer 17

In plants, meristem cells are undifferentiated cells.

Question 18

________ meristems are located at

the tips of roots and shoots.

Answer 18

Apical meristems are located at

the tips of roots and shoots.

Question 19

________ meristems, or cambia, run parallel

to the long axis of roots and shoots.

Answer 19

Lateral meristems, or cambia, run parallel

to the long axis of roots and shoots.

Question 20

___________ cells are mature cells

specialized for a specific function.

Answer 20

Differentiated cells are mature cells

specialized for a specific function.

Question 21

Vessel elements and tracheids

are examples of ____________ cells.

Answer 21

Vessel elements and tracheids

are examples of differentiated cells.

Question 22

________ ________ occurs by division of

apical meristem cells and differentiation of

their daughter cells and is responsible for

growth in length in the roots & shoots of all plants.

Answer 22

Primary growth occurs by division of

apical meristem cells and differentiation of

their daughter cells and is responsible for

growth in length in the roots & shoots of all plants.

Question 23

__________ _______ occurs by division of lateral

meristem cells & differentiation of their daughter

cells and is responsible for an increase in diameter

of roots and shoots in most conifers and dicots.

Answer 23

Secondary growth occurs by division of lateral

meristem cells & differentiation of their daughter

cells and is responsible for an increase in diameter

of roots and shoots in most conifers and dicots.

Question 24

What are the 2 major parts of most leaves?

Answer 24

petiole and blade

Question 25

What are the 3 main parts of leaves

(if viewing a cross-section)?

Answer 25

epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles

Question 26

________ ________ is located just below

the upper epidermis of leaves

and is composed of __________ cells.

Answer 26

Palisade mesophyll is located just below

the upper epidermis of leaves

and is composed of parenchyma cells.

Question 27

________ ________ is located just above

the lower epidermis of of leaves

and is composed of ___________ cells.

Answer 27

Spongy mesophyll is located just above

the lower epidermis of of leaves

and is composed of parenchyma cells.

Question 28

Vascular bundles located within the

________ of leaves are called veins.

Answer 28

Vascular bundles located within the

mesophyll of leaves are called veins.

Question 29

What four tissues compose most young stems?

Answer 29

epidermis, cortex, pith, and vascular tissues

Question 30

In most young stems, the ________ is ground

tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissues.

Answer 30

In most young stems, the cortex is ground

tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissues.

Question 31

In most young stems, the _____ is

ground tissue internal to vascular tissues.

Answer 31

In most young stems, the pith is

ground tissue internal to vascular tissues.

Question 32

Vascular ________ is meristematic tissue that

forms between primary xylem and primary phloem.

Answer 32

Vascular cambium is meristematic tissue that

forms between primary xylem and primary phloem.

Question 33

________ is old xylem that is impregnated

with gums, resins, and oils, providing strength

in conifers and woody dicots.

Answer 33

Heartwood is old xylem that is impregnated

with gums, resins, and oils, providing strength

in conifers and woody dicots.

Question 34

________ is young xylem that is active in

transport in conifers and woody dicots.

Answer 34

Sapwood is young xylem that is active in

transport in conifers and woody dicots.

Question 35

Bark is composed of ________,

_____ cambium, and _____ ______.

Answer 35

Bark is composed of phloem,

cork cambium, and cork cells.

Question 36

Annual tree rings are patterns of alternating

_____ and ____ _____ of woody stems and roots.

Answer 36

Annual tree rings are patterns of alternating

light and dark xylem of woody stems and roots.

Question 37

In annual tree rings, light xylem is formed in

_____ when water is plentiful, and dark xylem

is formed in ______ when water is scarce.

Answer 37

In annual tree rings, light xylem is formed in

spring when water is plentiful, and dark xylem

is formed in summer when water is scarce.

Question 38

Tree age is indicated by the

number of _____ rings.

Answer 38

Tree age is indicated by the

number of dark rings.

Question 39

Tree rings are ________ during dry years.

Answer 39

Tree rings are narrow during dry years.

Question 40

Meristematic tissue that forms in the

outer cortex of stems in conifers and woody dicots

is _____ cambium, which gives rise to _____ cells.

Answer 40

Meristematic tissue that forms in the

outer cortex of stems in conifers and woody dicots

is cork cambium, which gives rise to cork cells.

Question 41

Dicots have a ________ system, and

monocots have a _______ ______ system.

Answer 41

Dicots have a taproot system, and

monocots have a fibrous root system.

Question 42

Primary growth occurs in the ______ ________

near all root tips and causes roots to elongate.

Answer 42

Primary growth occurs in the apical meristem

near all root tips and causes roots to elongate.

Question 43

The dome-shaped mass of cells that protects the apical meristem is a ______ ____.

Answer 43

The dome-shaped mass of cells that protects the apical meristem is a root cap.

Question 44

The outermost layer of cells of the

root vascular cylinder is the ________.

Answer 44

The outermost layer of cells of the

root vascular cylinder is the pericycle.

Question 45

Pericycle cells divide to form the

apical meristem of a _______ _____.

Answer 45

Pericycle cells divide to form the

apical meristem of a branch root.

Question 46

The outermost layer of cells of roots,

which have highly permeable cell walls

and can produce root hairs, is the ________.

Answer 46

The outermost layer of cells of roots,

which have highly permeable cell walls

and can produce root hairs, is the epidermis.

Question 47

Minerals from soil enter root epidermal cells

via ________ ________.

Answer 47

Minerals from soil enter root epidermal cells

via active transport.

Question 48

Water from soil enters root epidermal cells

via ________ and _____ _____.

Answer 48

Water from soil enters root epidermal cells

via osmosis and bulk flow.

Question 49

_____ _____ is the direct movement of

water and dissolved solutes through

open spaces between the cellulose fibers

of cell walls of root epidermis.

Answer 49

Bulk flow is the direct movement of

water and dissolved solutes through

open spaces between the cellulose fibers

of cell walls of root epidermis.

Question 50

Root - fungus symbiosis is ________.

Answer 50

Root - fungus symbiosis is mycorrhizae.

Question 51

________-________ ________ convert

nitrogen gas into ammonium or nitrate,

enabling plant roots to absorb nitrogen.

Answer 51

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert

nitrogen gas into ammonium or nitrate,

enabling plant roots to absorb nitrogen.

Question 52

________ house nitrogen-fixing bacteria

in ________ on their roots.

Answer 52

Legumes house nitrogen-fixing bacteria

in nodules on their roots.

Question 53

Monocots have flower parts in multiples of ____, while dicots have flower parts in multiples of ____.

Answer 53

Monocots have flower parts in multiples of 3-4, while dicots have flower parts in multiples of 5.

Question 54

Monocots have ________ venation;

dicots have _____________ venation.

Answer 54

Monocots have parallel venation;

dicots have reticulated (palm/pinnate) venation.

Question 55

Distribution of vascular bundles in stems:

Monocots ________

Dicots ________

Answer 55

Distribution of vascular bundles in stems:

Monocots - scattered

Dicots - in a ring

Question 56

Monocots have seeds with ___ ________;

dicots have seeds with ___ ________.

Answer 56

Monocots have seeds with one cotyledon;

dicots have seeds with two cotyledon.

Question 57

What are two types of meristem cells?

Answer 57

apical and lateral

Question 58

Where are apical meristems located?

Answer 58

tips of roots, shoots, and branches

Question 59

Lateral meristems are located in _________

_________ of roots, stems, and branches of dicots.

Answer 59

Lateral meristems are located in cylindrical

structures of roots, stems, and branches of dicots.

Question 60

What do lateral meristems produce?

Answer 60

secondary growth: wood

Question 61

What vascular tissue transports water?

Answer 61

xylem

Question 62

What vascular tissue transports

sugar and other nutrients?

Answer 62

phloem

Question 63

The evaporation of water

via a stoma is __________.

Answer 63

The evaporation of water

via a stoma is transpiration.

Question 64

_____ __________:

helps cool the plant when exposed to sun and

powers the transport of water & minerals in xylem.

Answer 64

Leaf transpiration:

helps cool the plant when exposed to sun and

powers the transport of water & minerals in xylem.

Question 65

Thin, elongated sclerenchyma cells with tapered,

overlapping ends connected by pits are ________.

Answer 65

Thin, elongated sclerenchyma cells with tapered,

overlapping ends connected by pits are tracheids.

Question 66

Cells that are larger than tracheids and

form pipelines are ________ ________.

Answer 66

Cells that are larger than tracheids and

form pipelines are vessel elements.

Question 67

Cells that join end to end and form pipes to conduct solutions are ______-____ ________.

Answer 67

Cells that join end to end and form pipes to conduct solutions are sieve-tube elements.

Question 68

__________ cells connect to sieve-tube elements

via plasmodesmata to give them proteins and ATP.

Answer 68

Companion cells connect to sieve-tube elements

via plasmodesmata to give them proteins and ATP.

Question 69

Lateral meristem cells produced to protect

a growing stem are _____ ________.

Answer 69

Lateral meristem cells produced to protect

a growing stem are cork cambium.

Question 70

Daughter cells of ____ ________ are cork cells,

which have tough, waterproof cell walls.

Answer 70

Daughter cells of cork cambium are cork cells,

which have tough, waterproof cell walls.

Question 71

Parenchyma cells of the palisade mesophyll

are _________ shaped.

Answer 71

Parenchyma cells of the palisade mesophyll

are columnar shaped.

Question 72

Parenchyma cells of the spongy mesophyll

are ________ shaped.

Answer 72

Parenchyma cells of the spongy mesophyll

are irregularly shaped.

Question 73

Primary growth produces _____ stems;

secondary growth produces

_______, _______ stems.

Answer 73

Primary growth produces young stems;

secondary growth produces

thicker, stronger stems.

Question 74

Plants are ________, which synthesize organics.

Answer 74

Plants are autotrophs, which synthesize organics.