Ch. 2 (part 2) and 3 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Observational method
A
watch and record behavior, performed in a lab
2
Q
Naturalistic observation
A
performed in a natural setting, don’t interpret, non-intrusive
3
Q
advantages of observational method
A
avoids influencing of behavior by experimenter, used with animal and human behavior
4
Q
disadvantages of observational method
A
no causation, observer bias, participant self-consciousness
5
Q
Case Study Method
A
An investigation of a single individual or organization over time, an in-depth analysis of an individual, group or event
6
Q
sample
A
Subset of individuals drawn from the larger population, a segment of the population
7
Q
population
A
Individuals you are interested in drawing conclusions about
8
Q
random sampling
A
Every member of the population has an equal probability (chance) of being chosen to participate in the study
9
Q
Representative sampling
A
reflects the important characteristics of the population
10
Q
Convenience sampling
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utilizes the most readily available individuals
11
Q
Statistics
A
Branch of mathematics that allows one to reduce/summarize, describe and interpret numerical data
12
Q
Two types of statistics
A
descriptive and inferential
13
Q
Descriptive statistics
A
Allows one to summarize, reduce the numerical data
14
Q
Inferential statistics
A
Allows one to draw logical conclusions
15
Q
two types of descriptive statistics
A
frequency distribution & histogram
16
Q
Measures of Central Tendency
A
Describes distribution in terms of a single statistic that is in some way typical of the sample: the middle of the distribution. This is where most individuals are.
17
Q
3 measures of central tendency
A
mean, mode & median
18
Q
Measures of Variability
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Provide information about the spread of the scores in the distribution
19
Q
range
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The difference between the highest and the lowest score in the distribution
20
Q
T-test and ANOVA are examples of
A
inferential statistics tests
21
Q
statistical significance
A
unlikely that the findings occurred by chance alone
22
Q
2 types of validity issues in research
A
internal & external
23
Q
Internal validity
A
does the research study/experiment support clear casual conclusions?
24
Q
External validity
A
can the results be generalized to other populations, settings or conditions? replication of the study is important.
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3 types of threats to internal validity
confounding variables, the placebo effect, and experimenter expectancy effects
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You can avoid experimenter effects by:
Using a single- or double-blind procedure
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ethical standards are administered by the
IRB
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T or F: Ethical standards only apply to human research
F
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4 ethical principles in human research
informed consent, maintain confidentiality, can use deception (only when no other feasible alternative is available; benefits must outweigh the cost of deceiving), and free of physical & psychological harm
30
receptor cells
located in sense organs, receive stimulation
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neurons
located between receptor and effector cells, transport/transmit messages
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effector cells
located near muscles & glands, tell muscles to contract and glands to secrete
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glial cells
don't send or receive nerve impulses, outnumber neurons about 10 to 1, absorb toxins and waste that would damage/kill neurons
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nerve cells
building blocks of the nervous system, we have 100 billion in our brain and spinal cord
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cells do not equal
neurons
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3 types of neurons
sensory/afferent neurons, interneurons, & motor/efferent neurons
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afferent/sensory neurons
transmit messages from receptor cells in sense organ to the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
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interneurons
also called association neurons, connect afferent to efferent neurons
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efferent/motor neurons
transmit messages from CNS to effector cells near muscles and glands, muscles contract; glands secrete
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3 main parts of the neuron
dendrites, soma & axon
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dendrites
short fibers, collect messages from neighboring neurons
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soma
carries out basic functions of the cell, holds the nucleus
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axon
long fiber, message leaves neuron by way of axon
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myelin sheath
fatty, white tissue that surrounds the axon, helps message travel down axon and speeds up the impulse
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nodes of Ranvier
breaks in myelin sheath, impulse jumps from node to node
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axonal terminals
end of axon, axon splits into many parts, terminals connect to other neurons
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terminal buttons
knobs at the end of the terminal, house synaptic vesicles
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synaptic vesicles
tiny oval sacs that hold neurotransmitters
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synaptic cleft/gap
space between 2 neurons
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T or F: Neurons/cells don't physically touch
T
51
2 states of neuron
resting state/potential and action state/potential
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resting state/potential
no stimulation or impulse, not receiving any messages, membrane is semi-permeable, cell is polarized
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action state/potential
cell stimulated, impulse, receiving message, permeable membrane, more positive ions flow in
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2 refractory periods
absolute & relative
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absolute refractory period
the period immediately following the action potential, cannot discharge another impulse
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relative refractory period
the period immediately following the absolute refractory period, impulse must be stronger than the initial impulse
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2 types of chemical reactions can occur
excitatory & inhibitory
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excitatory reaction
causes the action potential to fire
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inhibitory reaction
prevents the neuron from firing
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T or F: Each neurotransmitter can fit in any space in the neuron.
F
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Peripheral Nervous System
contains all neural structures that are outside of the brain and spinal cord
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2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic and Autonomic
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Somatic Nervous System
division of the Peripheral Nervous System, system of sensory and motor neurons that sense and respond to our environment
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Autonomic Nervous System
a system that senses the body's internal functions and controls many glands and muscles
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2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
sympathetic & parasympathetic
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Sympathetic Division
fight/flight, bodily actions when you are intensely aroused (emergency situations)--heart pounds, etc.
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Parasympathetic Division
slows down the body (causes opposite of sympathetic changes), maintains state of internal equilibrium
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Central Nervous System
contains the brain and the spinal cord
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Spinal cord
densely-packed bundle of nerve fibers, handles simple reflexes
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3 major subdivisions of the brain
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
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5 parts of the hindbrain
brainstem, medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation
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brainstem
point where spinal cord enters brain, supports vital life functions
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medulla
life-sustaining functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing and respiration
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pons
"bridges" the higher and lower levels of the nervous system, plays a crucial role in triggering dreams, produces chemicals that help maintain the sleep-wake cycle
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cerebellum
concerned with muscular movement - coordination, learning and memory; contains more neurons than the rest of the brain, regulates movement requiring precise timing, balance and coordination, functeions are easily disrupted by alcohol, ataxia
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Reticular Formation/Reticular Activiating System
alerts you that a message is coming in, then either blocks or allows those messages, signals importance of the message
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What does damage to the RF cause?
a sleep-like coma state
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RF leads to activity in the
locus coeruleus
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Abnormalities in the RF are linked to
ADHD, depression, sleep disorder, PTSD
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midbrain
contains clusters of sensory and motor neurons, important for hearing and sight, orienting reflex, one place where pain is registered
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forebrain
the brain's most advanced portion from an evolutionary standpoint
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Thalamus
2 egg-shaped structures, functions like a "switchboard", organizes inputs from sensory organs, relays pain signals from spinal cord
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Hypothalamus
plays a major role in hunger, thirst, body temperature & sex drive, connected to the autonomic nervous system--reactions to stress
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2 parts of the hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus
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function of the lateral hypothalamus
tells you to eat
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function of the ventromedial hypothalamus
tells you to stop eating
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Limbic System
plays role in emotional behavior
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3 parts of the limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, septum
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hippocampus
forming and retrieving memories (particularly new ones), Alzheimer's disease
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amygdala
formation of emotional memories, self-preservation (aggression), fear
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septum
pleasure, anger suppression
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cerebrum
major structure of the forebrain, constists of 2 large hemispheres that wrap around the brain stem
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corpus callosum
in the cerebrum, neural bridge that serves as a communication link between the 2 hemispheres that allows them to function as a single unit
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sulci
valleys in the cerebral cortex, separate brain into 4 lobes
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4 lobes
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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frontal lobe
planning and goal-setting behavior, concentration, moral decision-making, abstract thinking, language
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motor cortex
in frontal lobe, controls muscles involved in voluntary body movements
98
Broca's Area
in frontal lobe, production of speech through its connections w/motor cortex region
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Parietal Lobe
feeling temperature, touch & pressure, body sense
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somatosensory cortex
in parietal lobe, recieves sensory input that gives rise to our sensation of heat, cold & touch, and our senses of balance and body movement. it just tells you the position your body is in, it isn't the thing that moves your body
101
Temporal Lobe
plays a role in hearing, facial recognition, speech comprehension
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Wernicke's Area
in temporal lobe, primarily involved in speech comprehension
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Occipital Lobe
sight/vision, each eye feeds info to occipital lobe in each hemisphere by way of optic nerves
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Principle of Opposite Control
each hemisphere governs movement on the opposite side of the body
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Lateralization
relatively greater location of a function in one hemisphere or the other
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Left hemisphere
language (frontal lobe), verbal abilities, speech, mathematical and logical abilities
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Right hemisphere
special relations, faces, mental imagery, musical and artistic abilities
108
Neuropsychological tests
measure verbal and nonverbal behaviors of brain-damage sufferers
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destruction and simulation techniques
destroy portions of brain with cold, heat, electricity or chemicals
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EEG
put electrodes on the scalp, measures the activity of large groups of neurons
111
PET scans
indicate specific changes in neuronal activity
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MRI scans
exposes the brain to a magnetic field
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neurotransmitters
chemical messengers in nervous system, housed in synaptic vesicles
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Acetylcholin
neurotransmitter involved in muscle activity and memory, underproduction involved in Alzheimer's, overproduction occurs with Black Widow bites
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Norephinephrine
involved in learning, memory, wakefulness, and eating. underproduction associated with depression, overproduction associated with stress and panic
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Serotonin
involved in mood, sleep, eating and arousal, underproduction associated with depression, sleeping and eating problems, overproduction with OCD
117
Dopamine
involved in emotional arousal (sensations of pleasure) and movement. underproduction associated with Parkinson's & depression, overproduction with schizophrenia
118
Endochrine System
includes hormone secreting-glands that distribute hormones directly into your bloodstream
119
Hormones
chemical messengers that give slower, more widespread messages
120
5 glands
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal & gonads
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Pituitary gland
regulates growth, water and salt metabloism; controlled by the hypothalamus; causes the uterus to contract during childbirth, causes milk production for nursing, "master" gland
122
Pineal gland
located directly above brainstem, secretes melatonin, regulates sleep-wake cycle
123
Thyroid gland
located in neck, secretes thyroxin (plays a role in metabolism), holds the parathyroids
124
Parathyroids
regulate calcium & phosphate levels in body, influences excitability
125
Pancreas
curve b/w stomach and small intestines, regulates blood sugar levels, secretes insulin & glucagon
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Underproduction of insulin leads to diabetes [blank].
mellitus
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Adrenal glands
twin structures located just above kidneys, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as about 48 other hormones, involved in body's response, arousal when physically threatened--"fight or flight"
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Adrenal cortex
outer later
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Adrenal meulla
inner core
130
gonads
sex glands, secrete androgen and estrogen
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androgen
classified as masculine, aka testosterone
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estrogen
classified as feminine
133
T or F: Both males and females produce androgen and estrogen.
T
134
Example of a primary sex characteristic
testes/ovaries
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Example of a secondary sex characteristic
facial hair
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testosterone is linked to [blank] behavior
aggressive
