Chapter 7

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the power to recall that which has already been learned

Question 2

3 stages of memory

Answer 2

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 3

encoding

Answer 3

must be coded in order to be communicated to the brain

Question 4

how do you put info into your memory system?

Answer 4

through the 5 basic senses

Question 5

storage

Answer 5

maintaining info in the memory system over time

Question 6

2 parts of storage

Answer 6

capacity & duration

Question 7

retrieval

Answer 7

locating/recalling info stored in memory

Question 8

2 parts of retrieval

Answer 8

recall & recognition

Question 9

recall

Answer 9

retrieve from memory w/o much help

Question 10

recognition

Answer 10

aided by clues

Question 11

information processing approach

Answer 11

earliest most influential and most comprehensive model of memory. info must pass through 3 stages of mental processing resulting in 3 types of memory.

Question 12

3 types of memory

Answer 12

sensory, working & long term

Question 13

sensory memory encoding

Answer 13

hold info for mental processing, based on 5 basic senses, have a register for each sense

Question 14

what senses do we know the most about?

Answer 14

icons (looks) and echoes (sounds)

Question 15

sensory memory capacity

Answer 15

limited quantity of info

Question 16

sensory memory duration

Answer 16

extremely brief - less than or equal to 1 to 2 secs. echoes linger longer than icons.

Question 17

sensory memory retrieval

Answer 17

once it’s gone, it’s gone

Question 18

Decay theory (Theory of Forgetting)

Answer 18

If you don’t use it, you lose it.

Question 19

Selective attention (cognitive process)

Answer 19

focuses on information, concentrate on it for transfer to working memory

Question 20

Working memory

Answer 20

part of memory system that allows us to mentally work with or manipulate info

Question 21

T or F: short-term memory is a component of working memory

Answer 21

T

Question 22

working memory encoding

Answer 22

uses 5 basic senses

Question 23

acoustic encoding

Answer 23

sounds like. even when presented visually, people tend to make more acoustic mistakes

Question 24

visual encoding

Answer 24

looks like, fades more quickly

Question 25

working memory capacity

Answer 25

limited.

Question 26

The average adult can hold [blank] items/chunks of information.

Answer 26

7 +/- 2 (5-9)

Question 27

working memory duration

Answer 27

lasts about 18-20 seconds w/o rehearsal

Question 28

rehearsal (cognitive process)

Answer 28

transfer to LTM.

Question 29

Elaborative rehearsal is better than [blank] rehearsal.

Answer 29

maintenance (rote)

Question 30

chunking

Answer 30

meaningful groups of information

Question 31

automaticity

Answer 31

knowing info so well, it becomes automatic

Question 32

retrieval

Answer 32

recalling info from working memory

Question 33

displacement

Answer 33

new info comes in to replace the old

Question 34

attention

Answer 34

move info from SM to STM

Question 35

maintenance/rote rehearsal

Answer 35

just repeating info over as given

Question 36

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 36

give it meaning; repeat. relate it to something in LTM

Question 37

2 types of long term memory

Answer 37

declarative and non-declaritive

Question 38

declarative memory

Answer 38

includes factual memory

Question 39

non-declarative memory

Answer 39

knowledge for acquired behaviors, non-verbal

Question 40

2 types of declarative memory

Answer 40

semantic & episodic

Question 41

semantic declarative memory

Answer 41

meaning, generalized knowledge, dictionary-type info

Question 42

episodic declarative memory

Answer 42

memory for an event as it happened, personal events, diary-type info

Question 43

procedural non-declarative memory

Answer 43

procedure, how-to, motor memory

Question 44

working memory encoding - 2 levels

Answer 44

surface & deep

Question 45

working memory surface coding

Answer 45

5 basic senses: structural (looks), phonolgoical (sounds)

Question 46

working memory deep coding

Answer 46

semantic

Question 47

semantic coding

Answer 47

menaing

Question 48

working memory storage

Answer 48

virtually unlimited storage capacity and duration

Question 49

working memory retrieval

Answer 49

connection b/w storage and retrieval, recall from memory

Question 50

Why do we forget? 5 reasons

Answer 50

decay/fading theory, retroactive inhibition, proactive inhibition, motivated forgetting, brain damage

Question 51

retroactive inhibition

Answer 51

old info is displaced by newer info. new info blocks recall of earlier learned info

Question 52

proactive inhibition

Answer 52

new info is not encoded--older info is in the way, earlier learned info blocks the recall of new info

Question 53

motivated forgetting

Answer 53

forget because it is too painful to remember

Question 54

2 types of brain damage

Answer 54

anterrograde & retrograde

Question 55

anterrograde amnesia

Answer 55

loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury, can't form new memories

Question 56

retrograde amnesia

Answer 56

a loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury

Question 57

4 strategies for improving memory

Answer 57

method of Loci, acronyms, rhyming, keyword

Question 58

method of Loci

Answer 58

associate images of info w/places you know