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Psychology 201 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A

moment-to-moment awareness of self and environment, awareness of one’s own mental activity, thoughts, feelings, perceptions, etc.

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2
Q

3 levels of consciousness, according to Freud

A

conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious

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3
Q

circadian rhythms

A

cycles of behavioral and physiological changes our bodies go through

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4
Q

examples of circadian rhythm disruptions

A

jet lag, Monday morning blahs, rotating work shifts, long shifts, long work week

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4
Q

T or F: Early belief was that sleep was a time of frequent brain activity

A

F

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5
Q

EEG

A

Used to monitor brain wave activity during sleep, shows stages of sleep

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6
Q

How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?

A

4

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7
Q

Stage 1

A

Light sleep, lasts about 1-7 min, brain wave pattern becomes more irregular

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8
Q

Stage 2

A

Deeper level of sleep, characterized by sleep spindles, transitional

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9
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Brief bursts of brain wave activity lasting 1-2 seconds

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10
Q

T or F: Early belief was that sleep was a time of frequent brain activity

A

F

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10
Q

Stages 3 & 4

A

regular appearance of slow and large delta waves, called slow wave sleep

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11
Q

EEG

A

Used to monitor brain wave activity during sleep, shows stages of sleep

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11
Q

Difference between Stage 3 & 4

A

3 is transitional, 4 is deep sleep

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12
Q

How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?

A

4

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12
Q

Stage 4

A

deepest level of sleep, delta waves dominate, sleepwalking occurs here, difficult to wake from this stage, groggy & confused when awoken

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13
Q

Stage 1

A

Light sleep, lasts about 1-7 minutes, brain wave pattern becomes more irregular

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13
Q

How long does it take to get to Stage 4?

A

45-60 minutes

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14
Q

Stage 2

A

Deeper level of sleep, characterized by sleep spindles, transitional

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14
Q

Sleep pattern repeats every [blank] minutes.

A

90

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15
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Brief bursts of brain wave activity lasting 1-2 seconds

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15
Q

[blank] to [blank] cycles a night

A

4, 6

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16
Q

order of cycles

A

1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1REM

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17
Q

Stage 1 REM

A

characterized by rapid eye movements, high arousal, frequent dreaming, brainwave activity comparable to daytime levels

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24
As you get older, there is a sharp [blank] in the percentage of REM sleep.
reduction
25
REM Sleep Paralysis
inability to move muscles during REM sleep
26
REM-Rebound Effect
Increase the amount of REM sleep after being deprived of sleep (REM sleep)
27
T or F: During the course of the night, stages 3 & 4 and REM periods both increase in length
F: Stages 3 & 4 decrease while REM periods increase
28
Non-REM sleep has [blank] functions
restorative
29
Sleep deprivation
can lead to fatigue, irritability & attention deficiency, can be dangerous to self and others
30
As you get older, there is a sharp [blank] in the percentage of REM sleep.
reduction
31
Dreaming
happens all stages of sleep, most bizzare & vivid dreams during REM sleep, daytime activities may influence dream content
32
Lucid dreaming
intentionally directing dream content, may last a few seconds or for many minutes
33
Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic Theory
dreams are a disguised form of wish fulfillment
34
Sleep apnea
sudden stops in breathing hundreds of times every night, no recall of brief awakenings to resume breathing
35
Latent content
hidden meaning
36
Insomnia
sleep disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep
37
Treatment of insomnia
prescription drugs, stimulus control techniques (behavioral approach)
38
Narcolepsy
abrupt shift from an active, often emotional waking state into REM sleep, may experience cataplexy, may stem from a genetic defect
39
Treatment of narcolepsy
daily naps, certain drugs (modafinil)
40
Sleep apnea
sudden stops in breathing hundreds of times every night, no recall of brief awakenings to resume breathing
41
Causes of sleep apnea
genetic predisposition, obesity
42
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Sleeping infants stop breathing and die, most common cause of unexpected infant death in Western countries
43
Possible causes of SIDS
Problems with medulla, exposure to cigarette smoke, genetic causes, accidental suffocation from sleeping face-down on a soft surface
44
Nightmares
distressing Stage 1 REM sleep dreams
45
Sleep/night terrors
Horrific images during stage 4 sleep, especially common in boysl, adults can suffer milder versions, treatable with drugs
46
Symptoms of sleep/night terror
bloodcurdling scream, intensely frightened for 30 minutes, not recall episode in the morning
47
Sleepwalking
during non-REM sleep, usually in childhood, most sleepwalkers forget activities, no consistently effective medical treatments, most children outgrow it, waking is not harmful
48
Sleeptalking
occurs in Stage 3/4
49
REM Behavior Disorder
Stage 1REM, normal REM paralysis does not occur, sleepers move; act out dreams, can be dangerous to dreamer/people nearby, treated with perscription drugs
50
Agonists
Bind to receptors to mimic neurotransmitters' effects
51
Antagonists
Bind to receptors to block neurotransmitters' effects
52
Example of depressants
alcohol
53
Amphetamines
Increase release & decrease removal of norepinephrine & dopamine
54
Examples of hallucinogens
LSD, marijuana
55
Depressants
reduce CNS activity by increasing an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA
56
Effects of depressants
relaxation, drowsiness, depression
57
Examples of opiates
opium, morphine, heroin, codeine
58
Stimulants
Increase CNS activity, increases behavioral and mental activity
59
Amphetamines
Increase release & decrease removal of norepinephrine & dopamine
60
Effects of amphetamines
alertness, arousal, anxiety, appetite suppression, insomnia, non-stop talking
61
Cocaine
produces excitation, a sense of increased muscular strength, euphoria, once widely used as a local anesthetic, still used in dentistry in a synthetic form - Novacain, originally present in Coca-Cola
62
Opiates
aka Narcotics, relieve pain, drowsy effect; include sleep, highly addictive class of drugs
63
Examples of opiates
opium, morphine, heroin, codeine
64
Halluccinogens
aka Psychadelics, create a loss of reality, cause feelings of distorted body image, cause dream-like fantasies and hallucinations
65
Examples of hallucinogens
LSD, marijuana, ketamine (Special K)
66
LSD
hallucinatory effects attributed to stimulation of specific types of serotonin receptors in the forebrain, stimulates a subtype of dopamine receptors, non-addictive, but you do develop a tolerance
67
Marijuana
active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), most widely-used and controversial illegal drug in the US, alters blood flow to many brain regions, continues to affect consciousness for several hours,
69
Effects of low doses of marijuana
restlessness & hilarity, dreamy, carefree relaxation, more vivid sensations, food cravings
70
prosopagnosia
brain condition where people cannot recognize faces, even their own, but they can recognize objects and can recognize people by their voices
71
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories,can be caused by damage to the hippocampus
72
blood-brain barrier
feature of blood vessels in the brain that block some substances from entering brain tissue
73
drug abuse
pattern of drug use that causes the user to have significant impairment & distress as well as serious social, legal or interpersonal problems
74
addiction
physiological state in which continued drug use becomes necessary in order to prevent withdrawal
75
drug withdrawal
symptoms vary, but generally opposite of the effects the drug itself has
76
drug tolerance
condition in which increasingly larger drug doses are needed to produce the same effect
77
barbiturates
stimulate GABA receptors and are extremely addictive
78
Effects of small doses of barbiturates
relaxation, feelings of well-being, loss of muscle coordination and reduced attention
79
Effects of large doses of barbiturates
deep sleep, continued use can distort sleep patterns
80
GHB
naturally occurring substance similar to GABA, introduced as a nutritional supplement but is now a club drug
81
uses for GHB
inducing relaxation, elation, loss of inhibition, suggestibility & increased sex drive
82
effects of GHB
nausea & vomiting, headaches, dizziness, loss of muscle control or paralysis, breathing problems & sometimes death
83
effects of nicotine
enhances the action of acetylcholine, increases release of glutamate, activates dopamine-related pleasure system, stimulates endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems
84
MDMA
increases the activity of dopamine-releasing neurons
85
Ketamine
an anesthetic widely used by veterinarians to ease pain in animals and by physicians for sedating critically ill patients or suppressing dangerous seizures
86
encoding
translation of physical properties of a stimulus into a pattern of nerve cell activity that identifies those properties
87
specific energy doctrine
says that the stimulation of a particular sensory nerve provides codes for that one sense

Psychology 201 (8 decks)

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