Chapter 4

Question 1

T or F: Your senses actively shape info about the outside world

Answer 1

T

Question 2

Stimulus

Answer 2

any form of energy to which the sense organs (senses) can respond

Question 3

Senses

Answer 3

systems translate info from outside the nervous system into neural activity

Question 4

Sensations

Answer 4

messages from the senses that make up raw info that affects behavior & mental processes, sense organs respond to external stimuli

Question 5

Perception

Answer 5

process through which messages from the senses are given meaning, brain’s interpretation of sensation

Question 6

Accessory Structures

Answer 6

modify incoming energy, reshape incoming energy (light, sound)

Question 7

Examples of accessory structures

Answer 7

pinna of the ear and lens of the eye

Question 8

Neural receptors

Answer 8

receptor cells, perform transduction, changes environmental stimuli into neural activity

Question 9

Sensory nerves

Answer 9

afferent neurons, transfer info from the receptor cells to the CNS

Question 10

Info goes to the thalamus except for…

Answer 10

smell

Question 11

Message is received in CNS - [blank]

Answer 11

cerebral cortex

Question 12

Sound

Answer 12

the repetitive fluctuation in the pressure of a medium such as air/water

Question 13

Amplitude

Answer 13

height from baseline to peak

Question 14

Wavelength

Answer 14

distance from peak to peak

Question 15

Frequency

Answer 15

cycles per second (Hz)

Question 16

Physiological dimensions of sound

Answer 16

determined by physical characteristics: amplitude & frequency

Question 17

Amplitude

Answer 17

loudness. greater amplitude, louder sound

Question 18

Frequency

Answer 18

pitch, how high/low a tone is

Question 19

Timbre

Answer 19

quality of sound, helps you determine a note played on a flute v a clarinet

Question 20

3 sections of the ear

Answer 20

outer, middle & inner

Question 21

2 parts of the outer ear

Answer 21

pinnna, auditory (ear) canal

Question 22

pinna

Answer 22

collects and shapes sound

Question 23

auditory (ear) canal

Answer 23

passageway

Question 24

2 parts of the middle ear

Answer 24

tympanic membrane, ossicles

Question 25

Tympanic membrane

Answer 25

ear drum, vibrates

Question 26

Ossicles

Answer 26

Three tiny bones: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) & stapes (stirrup). amplify sound

Question 27

5 parts of the inner ear

Answer 27

oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane, organ of Corti, acoustic/auditory nerve

Question 28

cochlea

Answer 28

snail-like structure, transduction occurs here

Question 29

transduction

Answer 29

turns a sensory stimulus into neural activity

Question 30

Basilar membrane

Answer 30

sheet of tissue that runs the length of the cochlea

Question 31

Organ of Corti

Answer 31

rests on Basilar membrane, contains thousands of tiny hair cells, tranduces sound into neural signals, hair cells connect to the acoustic/auditory nerve

Question 32

Acoustic/auditory nerve

Answer 32

bundle of nerves that goes into the auditory complex in the temporal lobe

Question 33

Auditory localization

Answer 33

partly by timing of sound arriving at each ear & partly by sound intensity difference at each ear

Question 34

deafness

Answer 34

caused by damage/deterioration of the middle or inner ear

Question 35

2 types of deafness

Answer 35

conduction (middle ear) and nerve (inner)

Question 36

Conduction deafness

Answer 36

bones of middle ear fuse together, prevents accurate conduction of vibrations

Question 37

Treatments of conduction deafness

Answer 37

surgery to break ossicles apart, plastic replacements for ossicles, hearing aids

Question 38

Nerve deafness

Answer 38

results from damage to acoustic nerve or, more commonly, the hair cells, damage occurs gradually w/age

Question 39

Possible environmental causes of nerve deafness

Answer 39

exposure to loud noises, ear buds on personal stereos

Question 40

1 possible treatment of nerve deafness

Answer 40

cochlear implant

Question 41

[Blank] is the stimulus of vision.

Answer 41

Light

Question 42

T or F: Most light is visible to the human eye.

Answer 42

F

Question 43

Light can travel without a [blank], unlike sound.

Answer 43

medium

Question 44

Light intensity

Answer 44

how much energy light contains determines brightness of the light

Question 45

Light wavelength

Answer 45

distance b/w peaks in light waves, short v long wavelength give the sensation of different colors