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ANATOMY 240 🧬 > CH 20: Blood > Flashcards

CH 20: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Cardiovascular System transport through out the body?

A

*Nutrients
*Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
*Enzymes and Hormones
*Ions
*Transports Leukocytes to aid in fighting infections
*Stabilize body temperature

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2
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A

1.Plasma -liquid component of blood
2.Formed elements - solid components

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3
Q

What are the three formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

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4
Q

What is the function of Erythrocytes?

A

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

They aid the immune system

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6
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

Involved in blood clotting (coagulation)

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7
Q

How many liters of whole blood is there for males?

A

4-6 liters

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8
Q

How many liters of whole blood is there for females?

A

4-5 liters

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9
Q

Define Hypovolemic

A

Low blood volume (anything below the normal value of whole blood)

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10
Q

Define Normovolemic

A

Normal blood volumes

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11
Q

Define Hypervolemic

A

Excessive blood volumes (anything above normal value)

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12
Q

What percentage of whole blood does plasma consist of?

A

55%

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13
Q

What are the three plasma proteins?

A

Albumins (smallest)

Globulins

Fibrinogens (largest)

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14
Q

What role does albumins play?

A

Transports fatty acids and steroid hormones

Contributions to the osmotic pressure of plasma
— osmosis= water is attracted to the area with more particles

This particle prevents blood volume from falling too low which in turn, keeps blood pressure in check

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15
Q

What are the two major types of globulins and what do they do?

A

1.Immunoglobulins— they are antibodies that attack pathogens

2.Transport globulins— they transport ions (micro nutrient) and hormones

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16
Q

What role does fibrinogen play?

A

They are involved in the blood clotting process

“It is the last step of coagulation”

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17
Q

What is fibrinogen called when activated?

A

Fibrin

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18
Q

What percentage of whole blood does formed elements consist of?

A

About 45%

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19
Q

RBC
What is a hematocrit reading?

A

It is the percentage of red blood cells in the solution of blood.

It’s what is on the bottom portion of the centrifuged blood.

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20
Q

What is another name for hematocrit?

A

Packed cell volume. (PCV)

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21
Q

What is the normal percentage of red blood cells in a solution of blood for males?

A

45 +- 5%

The +- 5 means anything above five is still considered normal and so is anything below five

22
Q

What is the normal percentage of red blood cells in a solution of blood for females?

A

42 +- 5%

23
Q

What is a low red blood cell count called?

A

Anemia

24
Q

What is a high red blood cell count called?

A

Polycythemia

25
Q

What are the different structures of red blood cells?

A
  1. Bioconcave disc — has no organelles or nucleus and contains hemoglobin.
  2. Thin central region
  3. Lack cell organelles
  4. Lack a nucleus (anucleated)
  5. Contain hemoglobin
26
Q

What are the two speculated reason why a red blood cell is biconcave?

A
  1. It has more surface area to exchange oxygen and CO2.
  2. The shape is much easier to fold. Allows for proper movement in the body without getting stuck, which would cause a clot.
27
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

28
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

It is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

29
Q

How many molecules of hemoglobin is there a per blood cells?

A

280 million molecules

30
Q

1.RBCs and hemoglobin consist of four what?

  1. Each subunit contains a molecule of what?
  2. Each heme consist of what?
A
  1. Polypeptide subunits
  2. Heme
  3. Iron ion
31
Q

Hemoglobin cannot be built without what?

A

Iron

32
Q

What are the two major classes of leukocytes(WBC) ?

A

Granulocytes- has speckled granules which are packets of enzymes

Agranulocytes- without granules

33
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

34
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes

35
Q

How many leukocytes are in a microliter of blood?

A

6000 to 9000

36
Q

What is a low count of leukocytes called?

A

Leukopenia

37
Q

What is an elevated count of leukocytes called?

A

Leukocytosis

38
Q

What is a differential count?

A

It is performed to determine which of the leukocytes is in excess or deficit

39
Q

Granulocytes

What is the normal range of neutrophils?

A

50 to 70%

They are the most numerous of WBC

40
Q

Granulocytes

What is the purpose of neutrophils?

A

They are granules that contain chemicals to kill bacteria
They use chemotactic signals to track and phagocytize bacteria

They are typically the first WBC at the bacterial site

“ Hunter killers of bacteria“

41
Q

Granulocytes

What is the normal range of eosinophils?

A

2 to 4%

42
Q

Granulocytes

What is the purpose of eosinophils?

A

Granules release chemicals that reduce inflammation (they end inflammation)
— inflammation is rushing blood to a specific part of the body, which causes swelling in the area due to excess fluid meant to heal

They dissolve parasites

43
Q

Granulocytes

What is the normal range of basophils?

A

Less than 1%

44
Q

Granulocyte

What is the purpose of basophils?

A

Granules that release, histamine and heparin

It increases inflammation

Allergic reaction

45
Q

Granulocytes

What is the purpose of histamine and heparin?

A

Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate(open) so blood can rush to the infected site

Heparin is an anticoagulant, so it keeps the blood being rushed to the infected site from clotting

46
Q

Agranulocytes

What is the normal range for Monocytes ?

A

2 to 8%

47
Q

Agranulocytes

What is the purpose of monocytes?

A

They are large phagocytic cells

Very active in wound healing
— they release chemicals to attract fibroblasts and fibroblast produce collagen fibers to surround an infected site. These collagen fibers can produce scar tissue.
Scar tissue forms a wall around the pathogen to prevent it from spreading

Shaped like a Pac-Man when you look at it so think of it as what Pac-Man does

48
Q

Agranulocytes

What is the normal range for lymphocytes?

A

20 to 30%

The most important of all white blood cells

Elevated lymphocytes on Bloodwork means there is a viral infection

49
Q

Agranulocytes

What is the function of T cells and B cells?

A

T lymphocyte attacks foreign cells directly then it carries DNA of the virus to B lymphocyte so it figures out how to make antibodies for future attacks.

T lymphocytes— atttaacckkk (foot soldier
B lymphocytes— antibooodyy maker (factory)

50
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets)
Platelets are the first step in the clotting cascade

Platelets are fragments of what?

A

Megakaryocytes (large bone marrow cells

51
Q

What is a lower than normal platelet called and what does it lead to?

A

Thrombocytopenia
It leads to excessive bleeding due to a clot not forming quickly

52
Q

What is a higher than normal platelet called and what does it lead to?

A

Thrombocytosis
It causes unnecessary clotting

ANATOMY 240 🧬 (13 decks)

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