CH 20: Blood

Question 1

What does the Cardiovascular System transport through out the body?

Answer 1

*Nutrients
*Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
*Enzymes and Hormones
*Ions
*Transports Leukocytes to aid in fighting infections
*Stabilize body temperature

Question 2

What are the two components of blood?

Answer 2

1.Plasma -liquid component of blood
2.Formed elements - solid components

Question 3

What are the three formed elements?

Answer 3

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 4

What is the function of Erythrocytes?

Answer 4

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 5

What is the function of leukocytes?

Answer 5

They aid the immune system

Question 6

What is the function of thrombocytes?

Answer 6

Involved in blood clotting (coagulation)

Question 7

How many liters of whole blood is there for males?

Answer 7

4-6 liters

Question 8

How many liters of whole blood is there for females?

Answer 8

4-5 liters

Question 9

Define Hypovolemic

Answer 9

Low blood volume (anything below the normal value of whole blood)

Question 10

Define Normovolemic

Answer 10

Normal blood volumes

Question 11

Define Hypervolemic

Answer 11

Excessive blood volumes (anything above normal value)

Question 12

What percentage of whole blood does plasma consist of?

Answer 12

55%

Question 13

What are the three plasma proteins?

Answer 13

Albumins (smallest)

Globulins

Fibrinogens (largest)

Question 14

What role does albumins play?

Answer 14

Transports fatty acids and steroid hormones

Contributions to the osmotic pressure of plasma
— osmosis= water is attracted to the area with more particles

This particle prevents blood volume from falling too low which in turn, keeps blood pressure in check

Question 15

What are the two major types of globulins and what do they do?

Answer 15

1.Immunoglobulins— they are antibodies that attack pathogens

2.Transport globulins— they transport ions (micro nutrient) and hormones

Question 16

What role does fibrinogen play?

Answer 16

They are involved in the blood clotting process

“It is the last step of coagulation”

Question 17

What is fibrinogen called when activated?

Answer 17

Fibrin

Question 18

What percentage of whole blood does formed elements consist of?

Answer 18

About 45%

Question 19

RBC
What is a hematocrit reading?

Answer 19

It is the percentage of red blood cells in the solution of blood.

It’s what is on the bottom portion of the centrifuged blood.

Question 20

What is another name for hematocrit?

Answer 20

Packed cell volume. (PCV)

Question 21

What is the normal percentage of red blood cells in a solution of blood for males?

Answer 21

45 +- 5%

The +- 5 means anything above five is still considered normal and so is anything below five

Question 22

What is the normal percentage of red blood cells in a solution of blood for females?

Answer 22

42 +- 5%

Question 23

What is a low red blood cell count called?

Answer 23

Anemia

Question 24

What is a high red blood cell count called?

Answer 24

Polycythemia

Question 25

What are the different structures of red blood cells?

Answer 25

1. Bioconcave disc — has no organelles or nucleus and contains hemoglobin. 2. Thin central region 3. Lack cell organelles 4. Lack a nucleus (anucleated) 5. Contain hemoglobin

Question 26

What are the two speculated reason why a red blood cell is biconcave?

Answer 26

1. It has more surface area to exchange oxygen and CO2. 2. The shape is much easier to fold. Allows for proper movement in the body without getting stuck, which would cause a clot.

Question 27

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

Answer 27

120 days

Question 28

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Answer 28

It is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 29

How many molecules of hemoglobin is there a per blood cells?

Answer 29

280 million molecules

Question 30

1.RBCs and hemoglobin consist of four what? 2. Each subunit contains a molecule of what? 3. Each heme consist of what?

Answer 30

1. Polypeptide subunits 2. Heme 3. Iron ion

Question 31

Hemoglobin cannot be built without what?

Answer 31

Iron

Question 32

What are the two major classes of leukocytes(WBC) ?

Answer 32

Granulocytes- has speckled granules which are packets of enzymes Agranulocytes- without granules

Question 33

What are the three types of granulocytes?

Answer 33

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Question 34

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

Answer 34

Monocytes Lymphocytes

Question 35

How many leukocytes are in a microliter of blood?

Answer 35

6000 to 9000

Question 36

What is a low count of leukocytes called?

Answer 36

Leukopenia

Question 37

What is an elevated count of leukocytes called?

Answer 37

Leukocytosis

Question 38

What is a differential count?

Answer 38

It is performed to determine which of the leukocytes is in excess or deficit

Question 39

Granulocytes What is the normal range of neutrophils?

Answer 39

50 to 70% They are the most numerous of WBC

Question 40

Granulocytes What is the purpose of neutrophils?

Answer 40

They are granules that contain chemicals to kill bacteria They use chemotactic signals to track and phagocytize bacteria They are typically the first WBC at the bacterial site “ Hunter killers of bacteria“

Question 41

Granulocytes What is the normal range of eosinophils?

Answer 41

2 to 4%

Question 42

Granulocytes What is the purpose of eosinophils?

Answer 42

Granules release chemicals that reduce inflammation (they end inflammation) — inflammation is rushing blood to a specific part of the body, which causes swelling in the area due to excess fluid meant to heal They dissolve parasites

Question 43

Granulocytes What is the normal range of basophils?

Answer 43

Less than 1%

Question 44

Granulocyte What is the purpose of basophils?

Answer 44

Granules that release, histamine and heparin It increases inflammation Allergic reaction

Question 45

Granulocytes What is the purpose of histamine and heparin?

Answer 45

Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate(open) so blood can rush to the infected site Heparin is an anticoagulant, so it keeps the blood being rushed to the infected site from clotting

Question 46

Agranulocytes What is the normal range for Monocytes ?

Answer 46

2 to 8%

Question 47

Agranulocytes What is the purpose of monocytes?

Answer 47

They are large phagocytic cells Very active in wound healing — they release chemicals to attract fibroblasts and fibroblast produce collagen fibers to surround an infected site. These collagen fibers can produce scar tissue. Scar tissue forms a wall around the pathogen to prevent it from spreading Shaped like a Pac-Man when you look at it so think of it as what Pac-Man does

Question 48

Agranulocytes What is the normal range for lymphocytes?

Answer 48

20 to 30% The most important of all white blood cells Elevated lymphocytes on Bloodwork means there is a viral infection

Question 49

Agranulocytes What is the function of T cells and B cells?

Answer 49

T lymphocyte attacks foreign cells directly then it carries DNA of the virus to B lymphocyte so it figures out how to make antibodies for future attacks. T lymphocytes— atttaacckkk (foot soldier B lymphocytes— antibooodyy maker (factory)

Question 50

Thrombocytes (platelets) Platelets are the first step in the clotting cascade Platelets are fragments of what?

Answer 50

Megakaryocytes (large bone marrow cells

Question 51

What is a lower than normal platelet called and what does it lead to?

Answer 51

Thrombocytopenia It leads to excessive bleeding due to a clot not forming quickly

Question 52

What is a higher than normal platelet called and what does it lead to?

Answer 52

Thrombocytosis It causes unnecessary clotting