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ANATOMY 240 🧬 > CH 25: The Digestive System > Flashcards

CH 25: The Digestive System Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Digestive tract structures

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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2
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive tract

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • galbladder
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3
Q

2 movements of digestive materials

A

Peristalsis: the muscularis externa propels material through the digestive tract

Segmentation: material is churned and fragmented and at the same time is propelled through the digestive tract by peristaltic contractions

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4
Q

Mesenteries

A

fused double sheets of peritoneal membrane

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5
Q

Mesenteries functions

A
  • stabilize the organs
  • stabilize the position of blood vessels
  • provide the attachment of blood vessels going to and from the small intestine
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6
Q

Structures within the oral cavity

A
  • tongue
  • uvula
  • pharyngeal arches
  • salivary glands
  • teeth
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7
Q

The roof of the oral cavity consists of

A

Hard palate: palatine process of the maxilla and palatine bone; separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Soft palate: seperates the oral cavity from the naso pharynx; makes up the palatoglossal arch / palatopharyngeal arch / uvula

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8
Q

The floor of the oral cavity consists of

A

the tongue

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9
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils found?

A

between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches; lateral to the uvual

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10
Q

Functions of the tongue

A
  • manipulation of food
  • sensory analysis
  • secretion of enzymes to aid in fat digestion
  • movement for the formulation of words
  • controlled by CNXII
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11
Q

Areas of the tongue

A

Body: anterior portion of the tongue

Root: posterior portion of the tongue

Dorsum: superior portion of the tongue containing the filiform papillae

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12
Q

Filiform papillae

A
  • provide friction
  • conical, pointed, and keratinized
  • roughen the tongue
  • enable grasping and manipulation of food
  • whitish appearance of tongue
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13
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

thin fold of mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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14
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

short lingual frenulum

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15
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid: primary serous secretions (watery)

sublingual: watery+mucusy

submandibular: primary mucus secretions (thick)

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16
Q

List anatomical structures of the teeth

A
  • crown
  • neck
  • root
  • dentine
  • pulp cavity
  • root canal
  • periodontal ligament
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17
Q

Crown

A
  • covered by enamel
  • consists of dentine
  • consists of pulp (highly vascularized)
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18
Q

Enamel

A

made of 97% hydroxyapatite crystals (hard, compression)

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19
Q

Neck

A

area of gingivia

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20
Q

Root

A

consists of root canal
consists of artery, vein, and nerve

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21
Q

Dentine

A
  • 70% hydroxyapatite crystals
  • mineralized matrix of hydroxyapatite
  • different than bone; NO cells
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22
Q

Pulp cavity

A

spongey area and highly vascularized

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23
Q

Root canal

A

arteries, veins, and nerves pass through the root canal to te pulp cavity area

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24
Q

Periodontal ligament
- function
- type of articulation

A
  • anchors the root of the tooth to the alveolar sockets
  • gomphosis articulation
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25
Types of teeth + functions
4 incisors per jaw: cutting 2 canines per jaw: piercing 4 premolars per jaw: small gnashers 6 molars per jaw including wisdom teeth: large gnashers
26
Deciduous teeth
20 (baby teeth)
27
Permanent teeth
32
28
Pharynx
serves as a common passageway for food, liquid, and air
29
Esophagus
a hollow muscular tube that extends from the pharynx region to the stomach Located posterior to the trachea Innervated by the vagus nerve from the esophageal plexys Contains upper and lower esophageal sphincters
30
What happens when the lower esophageal sphincters are not closed all the way?
heart burn / acid reflux
31
Functions of the stomach
- bulk storage of ingested food - mechanical breakdown of ingested food - chemical digestion of ingested food; results in CHYME
32
Anatomical structures of the stomach
lesser curvature greater curvature cardia fundus body pylorus
33
gastric rugae
relaxed stomach: mucosa forms numerous muscular ridges permits the expansion of the stomach stretched stomach exhibits less prominent rugae
34
Normal stomach distention
stomach is highly distensible lined with internal fold (gastric rugae) 3x larger during big meals
35
Extreme distention in competitive eaters
collagen fibers of the stomach lengthen irreversible stretching causes malnutrition, vomitting, etc
36
Stomach lining tissue and structures
simple columnar epithelium for absorption and secretion contains gastric pits and gastric secretory cells
37
Types of gastric secretory cells
mucous neck cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells
38
Mucus neck cells
modified goblet cells produce mucus to lubricate the food entering the stomach protects stomach walls from acid
39
Parietal cells
secrete hydrochloric acid kills microorganisms and activates pepsinogen
40
Chief cells
secrete pepsinogen, which gets converted into PEPSIN by hydrochloric acid (pepsin digests peptide bonds)
41
Enteroendocrine cells
produces hormones G CELLS: produce hormone gastrin
42
Gastrin
causes parietal and chief cells to release their products
43
Small intestine +length structures +length
20 ft long; longest structure in the digestive system DUODENUM: 10 in long JEJUNUM: 8 ft long ILEUM: 12 ft long
44
Duodenum
entrance to to the small intestine containing the HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER
45
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
opens for bile from the liver and galbladder and for buffers and digestive enzymes from the pancreas
46
Jejunum
prominent plicae + villi most nutrient absorption occurs here
47
Ileum
absorbs anything the jejunum missed contains prominent lympoid centers (aggregated lymphoid nodules/Peyer's patches) that regulate gut flora
48
Large intestine length + diameter +regions
5 ft long, 3 in diameter cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum
49
Function of the large intestine
resorption of water and salts to compact waste into feces absorption of vitamins produced by housed bacteria (vitamin K) stores fecal material before defacation
50
Cecum
ileum connects to the medial surface of the cecum contains the ileocecal valve veriform appendix attaches to the cecum ~9cm long
51
Ileocecal valve
regulates the movement of material from the ileum to the cecum
52
Colon regions
ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon
53
Haustra
pouches of the colon wall that allow expansion
54
Taeniae coli
longitudinal muscles that aid in the process of peristalsis
55
Omental appendices
numerous "flaps" of sacs of fat extending from the intestines and attached to the serosa of the large intestines
56
Rectum
temporarily stores waste matter last portion is the anal canal
57
Know the structures: anal canal, anal columns, anus, internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter
58
Accessory organs of digestion
liver gallbladder pancreas
59
Liver
largest visceral organ of the body in charge of metabolic regulation and bile production
60
Metabolic production of the liver
filters/detoxifies blood all blood leaving the digestive tract enters the liver through the hepatic portal system hepatocytes adjust the circulating metabolites before blood enters the systemic circuit
61
Bile production of the liver
bile is made by hepatocytes stored in the gallbladder between meals secreted into the duodenum during a fatty meal emulsifies fat in small intestine
62
emulsification process
makes it easier for lipase to do the actual digestion of fat
63
Gallbladder
stores bile cystic duct leads from the neck of the gallbladder to the common bile duct
64
What's inside the lobules of the pancreas?
consists of lobules containing acinar cells and islets
65
Acinar cells
exocrine function produce digestive enzymes enzymes travel through pancreatic duct to the small intestine
66
Pancreatic cells
endocrine function produce hormones hormones enter the bloodstream to travel to target organs

ANATOMY 240 🧬 (13 decks)

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