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ANATOMY 240 🧬 > CH 25: The Digestive System > Flashcards

CH 25: The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive tract structures

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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2
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive tract

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • galbladder
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3
Q

2 movements of digestive materials

A

Peristalsis: the muscularis externa propels material through the digestive tract

Segmentation: material is churned and fragmented and at the same time is propelled through the digestive tract by peristaltic contractions

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4
Q

Mesenteries

A

fused double sheets of peritoneal membrane

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5
Q

Mesenteries functions

A
  • stabilize the organs
  • stabilize the position of blood vessels
  • provide the attachment of blood vessels going to and from the small intestine
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6
Q

Structures within the oral cavity

A
  • tongue
  • uvula
  • pharyngeal arches
  • salivary glands
  • teeth
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7
Q

The roof of the oral cavity consists of

A

Hard palate: palatine process of the maxilla and palatine bone; separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Soft palate: seperates the oral cavity from the naso pharynx; makes up the palatoglossal arch / palatopharyngeal arch / uvula

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8
Q

The floor of the oral cavity consists of

A

the tongue

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9
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils found?

A

between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches; lateral to the uvual

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10
Q

Functions of the tongue

A
  • manipulation of food
  • sensory analysis
  • secretion of enzymes to aid in fat digestion
  • movement for the formulation of words
  • controlled by CNXII
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11
Q

Areas of the tongue

A

Body: anterior portion of the tongue

Root: posterior portion of the tongue

Dorsum: superior portion of the tongue containing the filiform papillae

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12
Q

Filiform papillae

A
  • provide friction
  • conical, pointed, and keratinized
  • roughen the tongue
  • enable grasping and manipulation of food
  • whitish appearance of tongue
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13
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

thin fold of mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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14
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

short lingual frenulum

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15
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid: primary serous secretions (watery)

sublingual: watery+mucusy

submandibular: primary mucus secretions (thick)

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16
Q

List anatomical structures of the teeth

A
  • crown
  • neck
  • root
  • dentine
  • pulp cavity
  • root canal
  • periodontal ligament
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17
Q

Crown

A
  • covered by enamel
  • consists of dentine
  • consists of pulp (highly vascularized)
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18
Q

Enamel

A

made of 97% hydroxyapatite crystals (hard, compression)

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19
Q

Neck

A

area of gingivia

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20
Q

Root

A

consists of root canal
consists of artery, vein, and nerve

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21
Q

Dentine

A
  • 70% hydroxyapatite crystals
  • mineralized matrix of hydroxyapatite
  • different than bone; NO cells
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22
Q

Pulp cavity

A

spongey area and highly vascularized

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23
Q

Root canal

A

arteries, veins, and nerves pass through the root canal to te pulp cavity area

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24
Q

Periodontal ligament
- function
- type of articulation

A
  • anchors the root of the tooth to the alveolar sockets
  • gomphosis articulation
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25
Q

Types of teeth + functions

A

4 incisors per jaw: cutting
2 canines per jaw: piercing
4 premolars per jaw: small gnashers
6 molars per jaw including wisdom teeth: large gnashers

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26
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

20 (baby teeth)

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27
Q

Permanent teeth

A

32

28
Q

Pharynx

A

serves as a common passageway for food, liquid, and air

29
Q

Esophagus

A

a hollow muscular tube that extends from the pharynx region to the stomach

Located posterior to the trachea
Innervated by the vagus nerve from the esophageal plexys
Contains upper and lower esophageal sphincters

30
Q

What happens when the lower esophageal sphincters are not closed all the way?

A

heart burn / acid reflux

31
Q

Functions of the stomach

A
  • bulk storage of ingested food
  • mechanical breakdown of ingested food
  • chemical digestion of ingested food; results in CHYME
32
Q

Anatomical structures of the stomach

A

lesser curvature
greater curvature
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus

33
Q

gastric rugae

A

relaxed stomach: mucosa forms numerous muscular ridges
permits the expansion of the stomach
stretched stomach exhibits less prominent rugae

34
Q

Normal stomach distention

A

stomach is highly distensible
lined with internal fold (gastric rugae)
3x larger during big meals

35
Q

Extreme distention in competitive eaters

A

collagen fibers of the stomach lengthen
irreversible stretching causes malnutrition, vomitting, etc

36
Q

Stomach lining tissue and structures

A

simple columnar epithelium for absorption and secretion
contains gastric pits and gastric secretory cells

37
Q

Types of gastric secretory cells

A

mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

38
Q

Mucus neck cells

A

modified goblet cells
produce mucus to lubricate the food entering the stomach
protects stomach walls from acid

39
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid
kills microorganisms and activates pepsinogen

40
Q

Chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen, which gets converted into PEPSIN by hydrochloric acid
(pepsin digests peptide bonds)

41
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

produces hormones
G CELLS: produce hormone gastrin

42
Q

Gastrin

A

causes parietal and chief cells to release their products

43
Q

Small intestine +length
structures +length

A

20 ft long; longest structure in the digestive system
DUODENUM: 10 in long
JEJUNUM: 8 ft long
ILEUM: 12 ft long

44
Q

Duodenum

A

entrance to to the small intestine containing the HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER

45
Q

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

opens for bile from the liver and galbladder
and for buffers and digestive enzymes from the pancreas

46
Q

Jejunum

A

prominent plicae + villi
most nutrient absorption occurs here

47
Q

Ileum

A

absorbs anything the jejunum missed
contains prominent lympoid centers (aggregated lymphoid nodules/Peyer’s patches) that regulate gut flora

48
Q

Large intestine length + diameter
+regions

A

5 ft long, 3 in diameter
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum

49
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

resorption of water and salts to compact waste into feces
absorption of vitamins produced by housed bacteria (vitamin K)
stores fecal material before defacation

50
Q

Cecum

A

ileum connects to the medial surface of the cecum
contains the ileocecal valve
veriform appendix attaches to the cecum ~9cm long

51
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

regulates the movement of material from the ileum to the cecum

52
Q

Colon regions

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

53
Q

Haustra

A

pouches of the colon wall that allow expansion

54
Q

Taeniae coli

A

longitudinal muscles that aid in the process of peristalsis

55
Q

Omental appendices

A

numerous “flaps” of sacs of fat extending from the intestines and attached to the serosa of the large intestines

56
Q

Rectum

A

temporarily stores waste matter
last portion is the anal canal

57
Q

Know the structures: anal canal, anal columns, anus, internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter

A
58
Q

Accessory organs of digestion

A

liver
gallbladder
pancreas

59
Q

Liver

A

largest visceral organ of the body
in charge of metabolic regulation and bile production

60
Q

Metabolic production of the liver

A

filters/detoxifies blood
all blood leaving the digestive tract enters the liver through the hepatic portal system
hepatocytes adjust the circulating metabolites before blood enters the systemic circuit

61
Q

Bile production of the liver

A

bile is made by hepatocytes
stored in the gallbladder between meals
secreted into the duodenum during a fatty meal
emulsifies fat in small intestine

62
Q

emulsification process

A

makes it easier for lipase to do the actual digestion of fat

63
Q

Gallbladder

A

stores bile
cystic duct leads from the neck of the gallbladder to the common bile duct

64
Q

What’s inside the lobules of the pancreas?

A

consists of lobules containing acinar cells and islets

65
Q

Acinar cells

A

exocrine function
produce digestive enzymes
enzymes travel through pancreatic duct to the small intestine

66
Q

Pancreatic cells

A

endocrine function
produce hormones
hormones enter the bloodstream to travel to target organs

ANATOMY 240 🧬 (13 decks)

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