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anatomy exam 4 > ch 21 heart > Flashcards

ch 21 heart Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

how many chambers of the heart

A

4

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2
Q

two artia

A

receive blood

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3
Q

two ventricles

A

send blood out

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4
Q

left side of heart

A

oxygen rich blood

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5
Q

right side of heart

A

oxygen poor blood

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6
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

send blood to lungs

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7
Q

systemic circuit

A

send blood to rest of the body

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8
Q

in each circuit: arteries

A

blood away from the heart

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9
Q

in each circuit: veins

A

blood back to the heart

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10
Q

in each circuit: capillaries

A

thin vessels between arteries and veins; sites of exchange

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11
Q

Pericardium; fibrous pericardium

A

outer layer; attaches to diaphragm

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12
Q

Pericardium; serous pericardium

A

inner layer, secretes pericardial fluid

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13
Q

Serous pericardium; parietal

A

outerlayeror pericardial cavity, fused to fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

Serous pericardium; visceral

A

exteriorof heart; epicardium

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15
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

-between epicardium (visceral) and parietal layer
• Pericardial fluid
• Reduces friction while heart pumps

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16
Q

Epicardium

A

external surface

-visceral pericardium

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17
Q

Myocardium

A

cardiac tissue

-including cardiac muscle cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, & nerves

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18
Q

Endocardium

A

Internal surface of heart
-endothelial surface; simple squamous
– Allows the heart to be very smooth

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19
Q

Cardiac muscle; myogenic

A

heart will beat by itself

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20
Q

cardiac muscle

A 
-Highly dependent on aerobic respiration
• Very high amount of myoglobin (respiratory pigment inside of muscle) & mitochondria
• One nucleus per cell
• Highly vascularized
• Short t-tubules
-branching arrangement
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21
Q

cardiac muscle; intercalated discs

A

Specialized gap junctions (helps establish entire network of tissue)

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22
Q

Intercalated Discs; Desmosomes

A

lock adjacent cells together

-actin filaments are bound to fascia adherens

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23
Q

Intercalated Discs; Gap junctions

A

allow for transfer of ions and APS

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24
Q

Intercalated Discs; functional syncytium

A

Linked cells contract as one unit

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25
Cardiac skeleton characteristics
* Each cardiac cell is wrapped in an elastic sheath * Each muscle layer is wrapped in a fibrous sheet * Fibrous sheets also encircle the base of the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, and valves
26
cardiac skeleton functions
• Stabilizes the position of the cardiac cells • Stabilizes the position of the heart valves • Provides support for the blood vessels and nerves in the myocardium • Helps to distribute the forces of contraction • Helps to prevent overexpansion of the heart • Provides elasticity so the heart recoils after contraction • Isolates atrial cells from ventricular cells (short circuits the gap junction between these two parts)
27
The heart lies slightly to _____ of midsagittal plane; in mediastinum
left
28
base
superior border of the heart
29
apex
the inferior portion of the heart
30
the right border is formed by only the ___ atrium
right
31
the inferior border is from by the ____ ventricle
right
32
Anterior surface
right atrium, right ventricle, and the left ventricle
33
Posterior surface
left atrium and a small portion of right atrium
34
Diaphragmatic surface
composed of the right and left ventricles
35
Interatrial groove
separates the left and right atria
36
coronary sulcus
separates the atria and the ventricles
37
Anterior interventricular sulcus
separates the left and right ventricles
38
posterior interventricular sulcus
also separates the left and right ventricles
39
auricles
anterior portion of both atria | -expands to accommodate incoming blood
40
right ventricle wall is much ____ (thinner/thicker) than left ventricle wall
thinner
41
Heart valves; two AV valves
-atria to ventricle; prevent backflow into atria -Tricuspid (right) and bicuspid (left) valves – Active
42
Heart valves; two semilunar valves
-prevent backflow into ventricle -Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves – Passive (because there is not much pressure)
43
each AV velvet consists of 4 parts
•Ring of connective tissue – Connects to the heart tissue; Part of fibrous skeleton • Cusps • Chordae tendineae – Connect to the cusps and papillary muscles • Papillary muscles (one per cusp) – Contract to prevent AV valve inversion; contract prior to ventricular contraction
44
different names for different part of heart | AV valves; right
- tricuspid | - right AV
45
different names for different part of heart AV valves; left
- bicuspid - mitral - Left AV
46
Moderator band
- only R ventricle - Fights overexpansion of R ventricle - Will stimulate - -Ant. papillary muscle - - Septal papillary muscle
47
Moderator band will stimulate
- Ant. papillary muscle | - Septal papillary muscle
48
Pectinate muscles
line the auricles of the atria
49
Trabeculae carneae
walls of ventricles
50
Coronary sinus
collects blood cardiac veins | -R atrium only
51
Fossa ovalis
remnant of fetal R/L bypass
52
Cardiac cycle; Systole
- contraction | - forced movement
53
Cardiac cycle; Diastole
- relaxation | - passive fillings of chambers
54
relaxed ventricles
- atrial diastole | - ventricular diastole
55
Contracted ventricles
- atrial diastole | - ventricular systole
56
Conductive pathway:
specialized noncontracting cardiac muscle
57
Conductive pathway; Nodal cells
establish rate of contraction
58
Conductive pathway; conducting cells
transmit contractile stimulus
59
Conductive pathway; Bundle branch
bundle of His??
60
Sinoatrial node (SA):
top of R atrium; initiates conduction pathway (key, sets everything up)
61
Atrioventricular node (AV):
interatrial septum near R atrium; delays signal to ventricle
62
Pacemaker cells
cells in SA that will initiate an action potential on their own
63
"______ ______" leaky ion channels , let Na+ in
"funny channels"
64
Electrocardiogram; P-wave
Depolarization from SA node
65
Electrocardiogram; QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization
66
Electrocardiogram; T- wave
Ventricular repolarization
67
Cardiac control increases/ decreases...
- Heart rate: # of heart contractions per unit time | - Stroke Volume: Intensity of contractions; volume of blood pumped
68
Cardiac control via..
- hormones | - neural control: visceral reflex arcs; autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic)
69
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood the heart pumps per unit time.
70
Stroke Volume (SV):
Amount of blood the heart pumps each beat
71
Heart Rate (HR):
of heart contractions per unit time
72
formula for cardiac output (CO)
CO=SV x HR
73
Blood flow (BF)
volume of blood flowing through a vessel (mL/min)
74
Blood pressure (BP)
force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall (mm Hg)
75
Resistance (R)
opposition to flow, friction blood encounters
76
formula for blood pressure
BP= R x BF
77
formula for flow (Q)
Q=change in p/(R) - Q= flow - P=pressure - R=resistance
78
Whole body pressure
(MAP)
79
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP):
- Mean blood pressure for several cardiac cycles (mm Hg)
80
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR):
- Opposition to flow, friction blood encounters - Sum of resistance to flow from all blood vessels - ---From Aorta to vena cava
81
formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
MAP= TPR x CO
82
Bodies
pH, PCO2, & PO2 | -carotid & aortic
83
Baroreceptors
blood pressure | -carotid & aortic
84
Acetylcholine:
reduces CO
85
Epinephrine / Norepinephrine:
increases CO
86
Coronary Arteries
emanate from base of aorta - LCA - RCA
87
Coronary Veins
- Coronary sinus ( Great Cardiac Vein, Middle cardiac vein) | - Anterior cardiac veins: drain directly into R atrium

anatomy exam 4 (5 decks)

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