ch 23 lymphatic Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
Lymphatic system consists of
A
- lymph
- lymphatic vessels
- lymphatic tissues and organs
2
Q
Lymph
A
- Interstitial fluid (what’s traveling through the system??)
- Lymphocytes
- Macrophages
3
Q
Lymphatic vessels
A
- Pass through lymphatic tissue and organs
- Deliver lymph to venous circulation
4
Q
Primary lymphatic structures
A
- thymus
- red bone marrow
5
Q
Secondary lymphatic structuers
A
- Tonsils
- Lymph nodes (Axillary, lumbar, pelvic, inguinal)
- Spleen
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
6
Q
Functions of the lymphatic system
A
- Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
- Maintain normal blood volume and the normal composition of the interstitial fluid
- Provide an alternative route for the transport of
- Hormones
- Nutrients
- -Waste products
7
Q
Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
A
-Primary lymphatic structures cause differentiation of lymphocytes resulting in:
T cells, B cells, and NK cells
-Secondary lymphatic structures: “front line” defense; Consist of lymphocytes and more B cells to battle infectious agents
8
Q
Provide an alternative route for the transport of
A
- hormones
- Nutrients: lipids absorbed by the digestive tract and transferred to the lacteal system are carried to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels
- Waste products
9
Q
Maintain normal blood volume and composition of the interstitial fluid
A
- Relatively high capillary pressure forces solutes & water out of the plasma into the interstitial fluid area
- Some interstitial fluid & solutes enters the lymphatic system
- The lymphatic system eventually returns fluid and solutes to the venous system
10
Q
Lymphatic capillaries:
A
- small lymphatic vessels
- Only found in places with vasculature
- Lacteals are specialized capillaries in SI
11
Q
Lymphatic ducts
A
larger-diameter lymphatic vessels
12
Q
Lymphatic Capillaries VS. vascular capillaries
A
- Lymphatic capillaries are larger in diameter (lower pressure)
- Lymphatic capillaries have thinner walls
- Lymphatic capillaries have an irregular outline
- Lymphatic capillaries have anchoring filaments that connect to the surrounding connective tissue to keep the capillaries open
- Lymphatic capillaries have greater permeability
- –Endothelial cells overlaps
13
Q
Larger lymphatic vessels VS. veins
A
- Lymphatic vessels have thinner walls and larger lumens
- Lymphatic vessels do not have easily identifiable tunics
- Larger lymphatic vessels have valves just like most veins
-Pressure in the lymphatic vessels is lower than veins
Skeletal muscles contract to help propel lymph
-Inhalation decreases thoracic pressure, which helps to move lymph toward the venous system (subclavians)
14
Q
Superficial
A
- subcutaneous layer
- mucous lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
- Serous lining of pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
15
Q
Deep lymphatics
A
skeletal muscles, neck, limbs, trunk, and visceral organs
16
Q
Lymphatic trunks:
A
- convergence of deep and superficial
- Lumbar trunks
- Intestinal trunks
- Bronchomediastinal trunks
- Subclavian trunks
- Jugular trunks
17
Q
All trunks drain into one of two ducts:
A
-Right lymphatic duct: drains into right subclavian vein
- Thoracic duct: drains into left subclavian vein
- -Starts as cisterna chyli in abdomen
18
Q
Thoracic duct drains
A
- Lymph inferior to the diaphragm: Abdomen/ both legs
- Left side of the body superior to the diaphragm: arm / torso / neck, & head
- Trunks
- -Left and right lumbar trunks
- -Intestinal trunks
- -Left bronchomediastinal trunk
- -Left subclavian trunk
- -Left jugular trunk
19
Q
Right lymphatic drains
A
-Right side of the body superior to the diaphragm: arm / torso / neck, & head
- Trunks:
- -The right bronchomediastinal trunk
- -The right subclavian trunk
- -The right jugular trunk
20
Q
Lymphocytes
A
primary cells of the lymphatic system
21
Q
Lymphocytes respond to
A
- Invading bacteria and viruses
- Abnormal body cells such as cancer cells
- Foreign proteins such as toxins released by some bacteria
22
Q
Lymphocytes travel throughout body
A
- Exit bloodstream to enter interstitial spaces
- Re-enter bloodstream via lymphatic vessels
23
Q
Types of Lymphocytes
A
- T cells (Thymus-dependent cells)
- B cells (Bone marrow-derived cells)
- NK cells (Natural Killer cells)
24
Q
T Cells
A
- Originate in the bone marrow but travel to the thymus gland and become immunocompetent (activated) by thymosin
- Mature T cells leave thymus and migrate to red bone marrow, spleen, and other lymphatic tissues
25
Different types of T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells: attack foreign cells and viruses
- Helper T cells: stimulate T & B cells; enhance antibody production
- Regulatory T cells: moderate immune response
- Memory T cells: activated upon subsequent antigen exposure
26
B cells
- Originate and become immunocompetent in the bone marrow
| - Mature B cells enter bloodstream and migrate to peripheral tissues
27
B cells can differentiate to form
-Plasma cells:
Produce antibodies that react with antigens
-Memory B cells:
Become activated if the same antigen appears at a later date
28
NK Cells
- Attack foreign cells
- Attack normal cells that are infected with viruses
- Attack cancer cells
29
Immune surveillance
NK attack foreign & cancer cells
30
Antibody-mediated immunity
generate antibodies that tag specific antigens
31
Cell-mediated immunity:
Cytotoxic T cells enter tissues and attack targeted cells
32
Lymphatic tissue characteristics:
lymphocytes that are loosely aggregated within connective tissue
33
Lymphatic nodule characteristics
- Lymphocytes aggregated within a supporting framework of reticular fibers
- Nodules have a germinal center, which contains the lymphocytes
34
Both lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules are ________________
diffuse lymphatic tissues without a capsule
35
Types of nodules; Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT):
Lymphatic nodules associated with the digestive tract
36
Types of nodules; Tonsils (5 sets)
- One pharyngeal tonsil
- Two Palatine tonsils
- Two Lingual tonsils
37
Types of nodules; Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches and appendix):
lymphatic nodules associated with the small intestine
38
Lymphatic organs
-Separated from surrounding tissue by a fibrous capsule
39
Lymphatic organs include...
- lymph nodes
- thymus gland
- spleen
- Red marrow (not in fibrous capsule)
40
Lymph nodes consist of:
- Hilum, where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit
- Capsule with multiple afferent vessels; one efferent vessel
- Subcapsular space: Many dendritic cells
- Outer cortex: Includes germinal center / Contains B cells
- Paracortex: Contains T cells
- Medulla : Contains B cells and macrophages
41
Lymphatic tissue and lymph nodes are in ______ _________ where the body is more susceptible to injury or invasion
high concentrations
42
Cervical lymph nodes
head and neck region
43
Axillary lymph nodes:
-Axillary / trunk / arms
| • Also drain mammary tissue in females
44
Popliteal lymph node
legs
45
Inguinal lymph nodes
lower limbs and trunk
46
Thoracic lymph nodes:
lungs / resp passages / mediastinal surfaces
47
Abdominal region (intestinal and abdominal lymph nodes):
urinary and reproductive systems
48
Intestinal
GI tract
49
Mesenteric:
GI tract
50
Thymus
* Lies posterior to the manubrium of the sternum
* Consists of two thymic lobes (left and right)
* Consists of numerous lobules separated by septa
* Consists of a cortex and a medulla
51
Thymus; The cortex consists of:
– Stem cells that differentiate to form T cells
| – Mature T cells migrate to the medulla
52
Thymus; The medulla consists of :
– T cells that remain inactive until they enter circulation
| – Thymic corpuscles (function is unknown)
53
Thymus; Epithelial reticular cells are scattered throughout the thymus
Produce thymic hormones such as thymosin
54
The Spleen
```
• Largestlymphatic organ
• Attached to the left side of stomach via the gastrosplenic ligament
• Visceral surface Thas hilium
• StoresFe&RBCs
• ActivatesBcells&
T cells
• Willdestroy old/damaged RBCs
```
55
The sleep consists of ...
• Capsule
• Red pulp
– Contains large quantities of red blood cells and
macrophages
– Macrophages identify and engulf damaged or infected red blood cells
• White pulp
– Forms lymphoid nodules
– Can respond to antigens or pathogens in the blood
