ch 26 urine Flashcards by Emma Zobal

urinary system

-Produceurine
• Regulates plasma ion concentrations
• Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
• RegulatebloodpH
• Preventsthelossofvaluablenutrients
• Eliminates metabolic wastes, urea, uric acid, drugs
• Synthesizes calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) and erythropoietin (for red blood cell production)
• Aids the liver with some of its metabolic functions; gluconeogenesis, transamination and deamination of AA

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kidneys

-contain nephrons, produce urine

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urinary tract

-transports/ stores urine
– Ureters / Urinary bladder / Urethra
– Urine is stored in the bladder until micturition/urination

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left kidney slightly _____ than right

higher

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Hilum

point of entry/exit for blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessel, & ureter

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Renal Cortex

large blood vessels; glomeruli

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Renal medulla

LOH, collecting ducts, vasa recta

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Renal medulla; Renal pyramids

bund of medullary tissue

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Renal medulla; Renal papillae

tips of pyramids where urine is excreted into calyxes

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Renal medulla; Renal columns

bands of cortical tissue between pyramids

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Kidney lobe

renal pyramid, overlying renal cortex, & adjacent renal columns

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Renal sinus

inner cavity of the kidney

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renal pelvis (comprises most of the renal sinus):

collects urine from major calyxes, empties to ureter

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Renal pelvis; minor calyx

collects urine from renal papillae

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Renal pelvis; major calyx

collects urine from minor calyxes

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Urine production is regulated mostly by __________

autoregulation

-changes in the diameter of nephron arterioles, due to sympathetic autonomic system

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Sympathetic nerve fibers are the most _____ in the kidney, parasympathetic nerves are present but not very abundant

plentiful

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Neural innervatio serves to…

Control vasoconstriction and vasodilation of renal arterioles
Regulate renal blood flow and pressure
Stimulate renin release
Stimulate water and sodium ion reabsorption

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Nephrons

smallest functional unit of the kidney

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Renal corpuscle (3)

– Glomerular capillaries
– Glomerular capsule
– Vascular pole: afferent and Distal convoluted
efferent arteriole

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Renal tubule

– Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
– Nephron loop / Loop of Henle (LOH)
– Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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collecting system

ultimately produces urine from filtrate

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connecting tubules

the DCT of each nephron empties filtrate to this

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collecting ducts

Several connecting tubules drain into this tube

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Papillary duct

dumps urine into minor calyx | -excrete the filtrate; now urine

urine; once filtrate is in _____ _____; no longer altered

minor calyx

Renal corpuscle

- Nephron functions | - Glomerular filtration

Renal tubule

- Tubular reabsorption | - Tubular secretion

Cortical nephron:

LOH mainly stays in cortex

Juxtamedullary nephron:

LOH dips deep into the medulla

Peritubular capillaries:

In both nephron types & in cortex -Surrounds DCT and PCT

Vasa recta:

- only in juxtamedullary nephrons & in __?? | - surrounds LOH used mainly in reabsorption of water

The Renal Corpuscle

- Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) - Glomerular capillaries (glomerulus) - Vascular pole

Glomerular capsule consists of...

- Capsular outer layer (parietal layer): Made of squamous cells that are continuous with the lining of the PCT - Visceral layer: epithelial lining of the glomerular capillaries; podocytes - Capsular space: opens to PCT

Mesangial cells:

support glomelular capillaries

Podocytes:

form glomerular epithelium, “feet” form filtration slits

how many filtration barriers

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

- Begins at tubular pole of the renal corpuscle - Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing microvilli - Major site of reabsorption

The Nephron Loop or Loop of Henle (LOH)

- Descending limb: only permeable to water; osmosis - Ascending limb: active transport of ions out of filtrate; impermeable to water - Both loops simple squamous epithelium - Drained by vasa recta

connecting tubules and collecting ducts will reabsorb water; secrete or reabsorb ions....

last adjustment to filtrate before

Juxtaglomerular complex:

- Macular densa cells - Juxtaglomerular cells - Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Juxtaglomerular complex will alter _______ & ______

-arteriole BP & systemic BP - Monitor Arteriole BP - Monitor DCT filtrate ion concentration

Arteriole BP ∆ via(3 things)

- Constriction & dilation of arterioles; afferent & efferent - Renin: precursor for angiotensin; raises BP - Erythropoietin: regulate density of RBCs - GFR will be altered due to these changes

Ureters

- drain urine from kidneys to bladder; exits at hilum; | - enters bladder at trigone via ureteal orifices

ureters; ________ __________& gravity move urine toward the urinary bladder

Peristaltic contractions & gravity move urine toward the urinary bladder

ureters; Inner mucosa

Lined with transitional epithelium

ureters; Middle muscular layer:

longitudinal & circular smooth muscles

ureters; Adventitia

continuous with the fibrous capsule & parietal peritoneum

Rugae function

allow increase in blaster size

Detrusor

smooth muscle walls on bladder??

Internal urethral sphincter

- automatic control | - smooth muscle

External urethral sphincter:

- conscious control | - skeletal muscle

Urethra

- Circular smooth muscle | - Mucous producing cells in epithelium

Prostatic urethra:

through the prostate gland

Membranous urethra

-Short segment through external urethral sphincter

Sponge urethra

-through penis to external urethral orifice; can expand

external urethral offices near ______ or vagina

Urine Storage and Voiding Reflexes involve ....

involve spinal cord and pontine centers of the brain (in the pons)

Urine Storage Reflex (continence); urine storage increases sympathetic activity

-Stretch receptors in bladder signals -sympathetic reflex Inhibits detrusor muscle -Stimulates contraction of internal and external urethral sphincters

Urine Voiding Reflex (micturition); the first urge when the bladder fills to ~____ mL

200

Urine Voiding Reflex (micturition); high frequency stretch-activated spinal reflects stimulate _______ activity

parasympathetic - Detrusor contracts; smooth muscle wall of bladder - Internal urethral sphincter relaxes; smooth muscle

High frequency stretch signals also _______ (increase/ decrease) sympathetic activity

decrease -Internal urethral sphincter relaxes

________ (voluntary/ involuntary) effort is needed to relax (and therefore open) the external urethral sphincter; skeletal muscle

VOLUNTARY

upon "complete void," ~____ mL of urine still remains

when the urinary bladder nears capacity , both urethral sprinters will ....

open based on pressure

ch 26 urine Flashcards

(65 cards)