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anatomy exam 4 > ch 27 reproduction > Flashcards

ch 27 reproduction Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Reproductive system

A
  • No major homeostatic ; yet perpetuates our species
  • produces, stores, nourishes, & transports gametes
  • males produce sperm
  • females produce oocytes
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2
Q

Fertilization

A

joining of a sperm cell & an oocyte; formation of a zygote (one cell)

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3
Q

Gonads

A

Testes/Ovaries that produce gametes & hormones

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4
Q

Reproductive tract

A

Ducts that receive, store, & transport gametes

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5
Q

Accessory glands

A

secrete fluids

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6
Q

External genitalia:

A

Perineal structures

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7
Q

Scrotum

A
  • Testis
  • Epididymis

Ductus deferens
Urethra

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8
Q

Glands

A
  • Seminal gland
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbo-urethral gland
  • Penis
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9
Q

During development, the testes form inside the _______ _______ near the _______

A

abdominal cavity near the kidneys

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10
Q

Testis will descend in utero into the _______

A

scrotum

  • Will exit the body wall via inguinal canal
  • Spermatic cord: connection of testes to rest of body
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11
Q

Spermatic cord

A

connection of testes to rest of body

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12
Q

Sperm develop at ~____ degreed F

A

96

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13
Q

Spermatic cord Vs Scrotum

A
  • Scrotum: dual chambers that house the testes

- Spermatic cord: all testes associated connections

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14
Q

Skin

A

very thin skin

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15
Q

Tunica vaginalis:

A

serous membrane lines each cavity

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16
Q

Dartos muscle

A

superficial smooth muscle

  • — Contraction causes the wrinkling of the scrotal surface
  • —Increases the surface area for rapid cooling
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17
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

-fibrous, connective tissue; surrounds testes

  • covered by tunica vaginalis
  • Extends deep into testes & forms septa
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18
Q

Cremaster muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • Contraction tenses the scrotal sac and pulls it closer to the body
  • Enables thermoregulation of testes
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19
Q

Spermatic Cords:

A

-Pass through narrow inguinal canals that connect scrotal chambers to peritoneal cavity

– Ductus deferens

–Blood vessels

–Nerves: Ilioinguinal / Genitofemoral / Hypogastric plexus / Pudendal

–Lymphatic tissue

–Cremaster muscles

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20
Q

Spermatic Cord; Blood vessels

A
  • Deferential / Testicular / Inferior epigastric / Pudendal

- Pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein

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21
Q

Pampiniform plexus (of the testicular vein):

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A

cools blood in arteries heading to testes via countercurrent heat exchange

22
Q

septa testes

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A

-separate the testes into lobules

-Lobules contains tightly coiled seminiferous tubules
• Seminiferous tubules uncoil leading to the straight tubules in the mediastinum area
• straight tubules interconnect forming the rete testis within the mediastinum
• Rete testis connects to the efferent ductules, connect to epididymis

23
Q

interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig):

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A
  • space between the coils of the seminiferous tubules

- produce testosterone

24
Q

Testosterone

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A
  • Stimulatesspermatogenesis
  • Promotesspermmaturation
  • Maintains the accessory organs
  • Develops secondary sex characteristics (facial hair, etc)
  • Stimulates growth & metabolism
  • Stimulates sexual behavior and sexual drive (libido)
25
Spermatogenesis
-Formation of sperm cells; spermatids | • Begins in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubules
26
Spermiogenesis pt 2?
* Spermatids mature to form physically mature sperm cells * During spermiogenesis, the spermatids are embedded in nurse cells (Sertoli cells) * Upon maturation, the sperm cells enter into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
27
Nurse Cells ; Maintenance of the blood testis barrier
prevent autoimmune destruction of sperm cells
28
Nurse cells
* Stimulated by testosterone & follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) * Support spermatogenesis & spermiogenesis
29
Nurse cells; Secretion of inhibition
Hormone that controls the rate of sperm | formation
30
Nurse Cells;; Secretion of androgen binding protein (ABP):
Binds testosterone within the seminiferous tubules to continue testosterone’s effect on spermiogenesis
31
Spermatogenesis (what does it include )
- Mitosis - Meiosi I - Meiosis II
32
Sperm
male gamete
33
Haploid
23 chromosomes
34
Flagella
tail of the sperm
35
Middle piece of sperm
mitochondria&centrioles
36
Head of sperm
– chromosomes – Acrosome: filled with enzymes used in fertilization
37
Part of the Epididymis
* Head: Receives spermatozoa via the efferent ducts * Body: Coiled tubes pass through the body * Tail: Tubes begin to uncoil to become a single tube the ductus deferens
38
function of the Epididymis
•Monitors the composition of the fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules • Recycling center for damaged or old spermatozoa • Storesspermatozoaforfurthermaturation – Spermatozoa take 2 weeks to pass through the epididymis – Mature sperm are not motile until they undergo capacitation
39
Capacitation
“activates” sperm, enables their motility & ability to fertilize an egg; happens outside of the epididymis * Sperm cells become motile when mixed with secretions from the seminal glands; ”activated” * Become capable of fertilizing an egg when exposed to the female reproductive tract
40
Ductus Deferens
* Before entering the prostate gland, the ductus deferens expands into the ampulla * The ampulla joins the excretory duct of the seminal gland to become the ejaculatory duct * The ejaculatory duct empties into the prostatic urethra
41
Semen
* Sperm | * Seminal fluid: products of accessory glands
42
Accessory glands
* Seminal glands * Prostate * Bulbo-urethral glands
43
Seminal Glands; Seminal fluid consists of:
– A high concentration of fructose – Prostaglandins – Clotting factors
44
Seminal Glands; contents empty into the ductus deferens _____ (during/before) evacuation
During -– Seminal fluids will enable sperm to become motile
45
Prostate
• Prostaticfluid secreted into the prostatic urethra • Weakly acidic • Secretionscontain: – Enzymes that prevent sperm coagulation in vagina – Seminalplasmin: antibiotic believed to prevent UTIs in males
46
Bulbo-urethral Glands
* Paired glands located at the base of the penis * Contents empty into the spongy urethra • Secretions – Consist of thick, sticky, alkaline mucus – Neutralize urinary acids that are remaining in the urethra – Provide lubrication for the tip of the penis
47
Bulbo-urethral Glands Secretions
– Consist of thick, sticky, alkaline mucus – Neutralize urinary acids that are remaining in the urethra – Provide lubrication for the tip of the penis
48
Parts of the Penis
* Root:Attachesbaseof penis to the rami of the ischia * Body (shaft): Consists of erectile tissue ``` • Glanspenis – The expanded distal end of the penis – Surrounds the external urethral orifice – Covered by the prepuce (foreskin) ```
49
Erectile tissue
stretchy sponge like tissue that engorges with blood to increase in size and become rigid. * Two posterior corpora cavernosa * one anterior corpus spongiosum: urethra passes through this portion
50
Erection of the penis
``` – Parasympathetic nerves are activated – Smooth muscles in Dorsal artery (red), the arterial walls relax – Arterial vessels dilate and vascular channels within the erectile tissue fill with blood ```
51
Semen release and ejaculation; sympathetic activity-->Emission
-Sperm mixed with semen by peristaltic actions of smooth muscle in the: –Ductus deferens –Seminal glands –Prostate –Bulbo-urethral glands
52
Semen release and ejaculation; sympathetic activity-->Ejaculation:
powerful contractions of ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus push semen toward external urethral orifice

anatomy exam 4 (5 decks)

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