Ch 21: Immune System Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
The Immune System protects our bodies from…
A
microbes that cause infection and disease.
2
Q
What are the “three lines of defense” of the Immune System?
A
- Exterior Barrier
- Innate Immune System
- Adaptive Immune System
3
Q
What is the External Border of the Immune System?
A
The skin
4
Q
The skin of made of _______, the top layer of which contains…
A
stratified squamous cells
dead keratinized cells
5
Q
_______ makes the skin impentrible to microbes.
A
Keratin
6
Q
The skin is _______ and contains no _______ for microbes to feed upon.
A
dry, nutrients
7
Q
The skin has _______ and _______ glands which secrete _______ and ________ which creates an acid mantle on the skin.
A
sweat glands, sebaceous
sweat, oils
8
Q
The acid mantle is an _______ that _______ microbes.
A
anti-bacterial, kills
9
Q
The skin secretes what two anti-bacterial proteins?
A
- Dermacidis
- Defensin
10
Q
What are the four main openings of the skin?
A
- Mouth
- Ears
- Urethra
- Anus
11
Q
What is the purpose of mucus?
A
To capture micro-organisms
12
Q
Tears, saliva, and mucus contain an enzyme called _______.
A
Lysozyme
13
Q
What does lysozyme do?
A
breaks down cell walls
14
Q
We are born with our ________ Immune System.
A
Innate
15
Q
What are four characteristics to keep in mind with the Innate Immune System?
A
- It is more primitive (part of our evolution)
- Comes into play if the External Barrier is breached (through puncture or oriface)
- Generally local
- Supports the Addaptive Immune System
16
Q
What are the five types of Leukocytes standing by to be used by the Innate Immune System?
A
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
17
Q
Innate Immune System
Neutrophils are waiting in _______ to engulf microbes.
A
Connective tissue
18
Q
Innate Immune System
Eosinophils are found in…
A
mucus membranes
19
Q
Innate Immune System
Basophils secrete what two chemical messages and what are their functions?
A
- Interleukins, stimulates activation and creation of more WBCs
- Histamines, relate to inflamation
20
Q
Innate Immune System
Lymphocytes are also known as _______.
A
Natural Killer Cells
21
Q
What is the job of natural killer cells?
A
to patrol tissues and kill cells marked for destruction
22
Q
Innate Immune System
Monocytes are also known as _______ and are _______.
A
Macrophages, phagocytotic
23
Q
_______ work with the leukocytes to inititate the immune response.
A
anti-microbial proteins
24
Q
What are the two types of anti-microbial proteins?
A
- Interferons
- Complement System
25
Interferons consist of...
anti-viral and anti-cancer proteins
26
The complement system consists of...
30 different proteins
27
The complement system aids...
both innate and adaptive immunity.
28
The complement system can cause what four things to occur?
1. Inflamation
2. Immune clearance
3. Phagocytosis
4. Cytolysis
29
The complement system
What is meant by "immune clearance"?
Proteins attach to smaller undetectable microbes to aid system to tag for destruction
30
In the complement system, phagocytosis is triggered by the process of
opsonization
31
Opsonization is the...
coating of a particle/microbe with proteins to target it for phagocytosis.
32
Cytolysis, occurs when a cell...
bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell.
33
Inflammation is triggered by the _______ Immune System.
Innate
34
Inflammation is indicated by...
red, swollen, painful tissue
35
inflammation is the result of an abundance of ________ at the site of an injury/infection.
white blood cells
36
In inflammation, basophils will secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Histamines
37
Histamine release by basophils trigger _______ which ________ blood flow and initiates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
vasodilation, increase, inflammation
38
When a histamine triggers inflamation, what occurs?
* increased blood flow to area
* produces reddish skin
* fluid builds up
* brings more white cells to area
39
Endogenous pyrogens initiate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
fever
40
A fever is...
an increase of body temperature
41
Endogenous pyrogens are toxic to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
microbes
42
The Adaptive Immune System is not local but \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
systemic
43
Systemic means the entire...
body is involved.
44
True or False
We are born with adaptive immunity.
False
45
Acquiring adaptive immunity requires \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Exposure
46
The adaptive immune system exhibits \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which means that the immune system responds to a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
specificity
specific thing
47
What are the three components of the adaptive immune system?
1. Lymphocytes
2. Antigens
3. Antibodies
48
Lymphocytes have continuous cell surface _______ that bind to specific \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
receptors, antigens
49
Antigens bind to
specific lymphocyte receptors
50
Antibodies bind to
specific antigens
51
What is an antibody?
A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen.
52
Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, such as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and foreign substances in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
alien, bacteria, viruses, blood
53
What is an antigen?
A toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
54
Antibodies circulate in the blood looking for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Antigens
55
This structure represents an
antibody
56
The red portions are called the
light chain
57
The blue part is called the
heavy chain
58
The top "Y" portion is called the
variable region
59
The bottom main trunk of the "Y" is called the
constant region
60
What are the characteristics of the ***variable region*** of an antibody?
* It is different in every lymphocyte
* It is the part that binds to the antigen
61
What are the two types of Lymphocytes?
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
62
Lymphocytes are produced from _______ in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
homopoietic stem cells, bone marrow
63
Lymphocytes that have matured but not yet received their antigens are called...
naive lymphocytes
64
Where does each type of lymphocyte mature?
B-cells mature in bone
T-cells mature in thymus
65
What are the characteristics of a Naive lymphocyte
* They are fully mature
* Have not received their antigens yet (they don't know their purpose of being)
66
Naive lymphocytes receive their antigens from
secondary lymphatic organs
67
What are some secondary lymphatic organs?
* Lymph nodes
* Tonsils
* Spleen
68
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
* Bone marrow
* Thymus
(Where the B & T cells mature)
69
When T-cells mature, the must first pass through the _______ of the thymus to undergo \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cortex, positive selection
70
In positive selection, the receptors of lymphocytes are checked for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Explain what that means.
* immunocompetence
* ability to bind to antigens
71
What happens to a lymphocyte that fails positive selection?
it is tagged for apoptosis
72
What happens to a lymphocyte that passes positive selection?
It passes through the cortex to medulla of the thymus for negative selection.
73
In negative selection, lymphocytes are checked for
"self" antigens (if will it bind to cells the body needs)
74
The ability of the body to deal with a certain amount of lymphocytes that may attach to cells the body needs is called
tolerance
75
What happens to lymphocytes that fail negative selection?
Tagged for apoptosis
76
What happens to a lymphocyte that passes negative selection?
It is released to pick up its antigen from secondary lymphatic organs
77
The process of positive and negative selection results in a
mature lymphocyte
78
True or False
Naive lymphocytes have been activated.
False
79
B-cells go through negative and positive selection _______ in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
locally, bone marrow
80
T-cells go through negative and positive selection in
the thymus
81
True or False
T-cells traveling from bone marrow to the thymus are mature.
False
82
The binding of a lymphocyte to an antigen is called
activation
83
T-cell receptor binding requires an
Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
84
What kind of cells can be APCs?
neutrophils, b-cells
85
What is MHC?
Major Histocompatibility complex
A group of genes found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.
86
How are APCs created?
* a neutrophil or b-cell finds an antigen
* engulfs antigen
* presents that antigen on its surface along with MHC
* MHC+Antigen then bind to t-cell receptor
87
Once a t-cell is activated, it initates
cell mediated immunity
88
Cell mediated immunity is when a specific t-cell...
proliferates and differentiates
89
What is t-cell proliferation and differentiation also known as?
Colonal selection
90
What are the four types of t-cells
1. Cytotoxic
2. Helper
3. Regulatory
4. Memory
91
What do cytotoxic t-cells do?
attack targeted cells
92
What do helper t-cells do?
secrete interleukins
93
What do regulatory t-cells do?
Inhibit T-cell proliferation after the infection
94
What do memory t-cells do?
Remain in system after infection
95
What two types of t-cells make up the ***Primary Response*** of immunity?
1. Helper
2. Cytotoxic
96
What are the characteristics of helper t-cells?
* bind to antigen
* secrete interleukins
* attract neutrophils
* attract macrophage
* stimulate b & t cell production
97
What are the characteristics of cytotoxic t-cells?
* binds to antigen
* is the "leathal hit"
* releases chemicals to kill cell
98
What are the characteristics of a memory t or b-cell?
* remain after infection
* reinfection will be fought more quickly due to exposure and produces secondary response
99
What are the characteristics of B-cell activation?
* b-cell receptors bind to antigen
* b-cells engulf antigen and present it on surface
100
B-cell activation requires...
interleukins secreted by helper t-cells
101
Humoral immunity refers to what type of lymphocyte?
B-cell
102
Explain b-cell:
Proliferation
Differentiation
proliferation: the b-cell is making copies itself
differentiation: it is dividing specifically into memory cells and antibody producing plasma cells
103
In a humoral immunity response, what is recognition?
* b-cells bind to an antigen
* the bound b-cells activate helper t-cells
104
In a humoral immunity response, the attack comes from
Antibodies in blood stream
105
In a humoral immunity attack, neutralization occurs when
antibodies bind to and disable antigens
106
In a humoral immunity attack, what is complement fixation?
Complements bind/puncture antigen causing inflamation leading to apoptosis (bursting)
107
In a humoral immunity attack, agglutination occurs when
Many antibodies bind to antigen causing clumping
108
In a humoral immunity attack, precipitation is when
The antigen/antibody complex (from agglutination) becomes too big (forming molecules) and falls out of solution.
109
What are the five steps of a humoral immune attack?
1. Antibody attack
2. Neutralization
3. Complement fixation
4. Agglutination
5. Precipitation
110
What are 3 possible immune system disorders?
1. Hypersensitivity
2. Autoimmune diseases
3. Immunodifficiency diseases
111
Immune Disorders:
Hypersensitivity is an
overactive immune system
112
Immune Disorders:
How many types of hypersensitivity disorders are there and what are they called?
4,
Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, Type 4
113
Immune Disorders:
What are the characteristics of Type 1 Hypersensitivity?
* Deals with Allergies
* Mediated by IgE antibody
* Allergens bind to IgE and cause a release of histamines
* Released histamines cause inflammation and allergic response
114
Immune Disorders:
What are the characteristics of Type 2 Hypersensitivity?
* Antibody mediated cytotoxic resonse
* Antigen on cell binds to antibody and marks cell to be destroyed
* This is seen in transplant rejections
115
Immune Disorders:
What are the characteristics of Type 3 Hypersensitivity?
* antigen-antibody complex is found in blood stream
* causes clots that lead to tissue damage
* nephritis is an example in which causes blockage in the kidneys and kills them
116
Immune Disorders:
What are the characteristics of Type 4 Hypersensitivity?
* cell mediated immune response
* t-cell (instead of antibody) binds to antigen
* can cause inflammation (anaphalactic shock) that leads to death
* is a delayed reaction as the t-cell process takes longer than antigen/antibody process
117
Immune Disorders:
What are the characteristics of autoimmune diseases?
* Failure of body to tolerate “self”
* Initiates immune response against own tissues
118
Immune Disorders:
Give two examples of tissue specific autoimmune disorder
1. Multiple Sclerosis
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
119
Immune Disorders:
What occurs in a systemic autoimmune disease?
Give an example
* The body attacks molecules (as opposed to cells)
* SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) attacks DNA
120
Immune Disorders:
What are two kinds of immunodifficiency disorders?
* SCID (Severe Combined ImmunoDifficiency)
* AIDS (Acquired Immunodifficency Disorder)
121
Immune Disorders:
What happens to a person with SCID
Their body does not produce B-cells or T-cells
122
Immune Disorders:
What are the characteristics of AIDS?
* Infection comes from HIV (Human Immunodifficency Virus)
* HIV's host cells are T-cells (HIV attaches and enters T-cells to reproduce)
* HIV basically kills off t-cells and thus the immune system
