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z_A&P II: BIO426 > Ch 26: Nutrition > Flashcards

Ch 26: Nutrition Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

The purpose of nutrition and metabolism is to…

A

acquire the raw materials to produce energy for growth, repair, and development of all aspects of the body.

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2
Q

Define what is meant by energy balance.

A

Input = Output

(You use what you eat without surplus or shortage)

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3
Q

Appetite is…

A

a desire to ingest food that is regulated by a number of hormones and gut proteins

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4
Q

What are the two types of appetite?

A
  1. Short-term
  2. Long-term
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5
Q

What are the three hormones that regulate short-term appetite?

A
  1. Ghrelin
  2. Peptide 44
  3. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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6
Q

Characteristics of Ghrelin?

A
  • It is an Orexogenic hormone
  • Produced by empty stomach
  • Tells brain you need to eat
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7
Q

Characteristics of Peptide 44?

A
  • Secreted by stomach enteroendocrine cells
  • It is an Anorexigenic hormone
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8
Q

Characteristics of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A
  • Enteroendocrine cells secrete
  • It is an Anorexigenic hormone
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9
Q

What does an orexogenic hormone do?

A
  • Promotes hunger
  • Tells you to eat
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10
Q

What does an Anorexigenic hormone do?

A
  • Promotes feeling of fullness/satisfaction
  • Tells you to stop eating
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11
Q

What are the two hormones involved in long-term appetite?

A
  1. Leptin
  2. Insulin
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12
Q

Characteristics of Leptin?

A
  • Anorexigenic hormone
  • Appetite supressor
  • Secreted by adipose dissue
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13
Q

Characteristics of Insulin?

A
  • Promotes glucose uptake in cells
  • Appetite suppressant
  • Anorexigenic hormone
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14
Q

What is the neurotransmitters role in appetite management?

A
  • It involves the release of dopamine when you eat and makes you feel good.
  • It can over-ride all other hormones involved in appetite regulation
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15
Q

Term

What is the difference between calorie and Calorie?

A
  • calorie is a unit of energy used in physics
  • Calorie is a unit of energy in nutrition/metabolism and is actually kilocalories when compred to physics calorie
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16
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Parts of food that are going to be broken down to release energy.

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17
Q

What are the three major macronutrients?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
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18
Q

Carbohydrates contain

A
  • Simple sugars
  • Polysaccharides
  • Fiber
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19
Q

Simple sugars contain _____ which is used for _____.

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A

glucose, cellular energy

20
Q

Ploysaccharides contain chains of _____ like startch, which can be broken down into _____ by _____.

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A

glucose, glocose, amylase

21
Q

Fiber is made of chains of glucose, but their arrangement makes them _____.

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A

non-digestible

22
Q

Fiber is insoluble and will bulk up waste which…

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A

stimulates stretch receptors in the colon, triggering movement toward elimination.

23
Q

Pectin, a _____ , is indigestible and soluble which is not so good for waste movement in the colon.

Why?

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A
  • polysaccharide
  • It does not bulk up and cause the large intestines to stretch
24
Q

Lipds are also known as…

Study These Flashcards
A

triglycerides

25
Lipids are \_\_\_\_\_, and don't dissolve in water.
hydrophobic
26
Lipds are made of \_\_\_\_, of which three _____ acids are attached.
glucose, fatty
27
Lipids are densely ____ and do not absorb \_\_\_\_.
packed, H2O
28
Lipds are required for...
* Vitamin absorption * Cholesterol production * Phospholipid production
29
What is meant by *essential* fatty acids?
* The body cannot synthesize them * Must be ingested * All can be found in animal products * Some can be found in plants
30
Lipds are carried in...
lipoproteins
31
Lipoproteins have a _____ core wrapped in a \_\_\_\_\_.
* hydrophobic colesterol * protein coat
32
What are the two main types of lipoproteins?
1. High density lipoproteins 2. Low density lipoproteins
33
Characterstics of high density lipoproteins...
* Produced in liver as empty protein shell * Leaves liver to circulate in blood and pick up cholesterol * Brings lipids back to liver
34
Characteristics of low-density lipoproteins...
* Carry cholesterol to tissues instead of liver * Dangerous as this cholesterol may get dropped off in blood vessels where they can form plaque
35
Proteins are composed of chains of \_\_\_\_\_, of which there are __ different types.
amino acids, 20
36
Most amino acids can be \_\_\_\_\_, but there are __ essential amino acids that must be ingested.
synthesized, 8
37
\_\_% of body mass is protein
15%
38
We must have all 20 types of amino acids to build required protein. These amino acids can be ingested from
animal products and some from plants.
39
Micronutrients ____ required for energy.
are *not*
40
What are the two groups of micronutrients?
1. Minerals 2. Elements
41
Which elements promote osmolarity?
Na and Cl | (Sodium and Chlorine)
42
Which minerals promote bone formation/remodeling?
Ca and PO4 | (Calcium and Phosphate)
43
What mineral is used to carry O2 in blood?
Fe | (Iron)
44
Which minerals are co-factors for enzymes?
Mg and Mn | (Magnesium and Manganese)
45
Vitamins act as \_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_ for metabolism.
cofactors/coenzymes
46
Most vitamines are required to be \_\_\_\_\_, but some can be \_\_\_\_\_.
ingested, synthesized
47
Which three vitamins can the body produce? Include what they are produced by.
1. Vitamin D: Produced by keratinocytes 2. Vitamin A: Produced from carotene 3. Vitamain K, biotin, and folic acid: produced by bacteria in large intestines

z_A&P II: BIO426 (31 decks)

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