ch 22 - attention, mental images and consciousness

Question 1

whats the difference between attention and conciousness?

Answer 1

attention is the information processing

consciousness is the subjective experience

attention without consciousness is processing info without being aware

consciousness without attention could be relaxing (aware or being aware)

Question 2

what is automatic proccessing

Answer 2

doesnt need very much focus or attention to perform and can happen unconciously

bottom-up

Question 3

what is a conscious operation or task?

Answer 3

requires attention like chess

top-down

Question 4

do concious and automatic processing use different parts of the brain?

Answer 4

likely, yes

Question 5

difference between serial search and feature search

Answer 5

feature search is fast lik finding red in blue dots

serial search you must check 1 by 1 and takes time

Question 6

what is V1 and V2

Answer 6

primary visual cortex V1
secondary visul cortex V2
(recives info from V1)

V1 is for features like colour and shape

V2 is for complex patterns like textures

Question 7

T or F V1 is used in feature search

Answer 7

T; true

Question 8

What did Treismans model tell us

Answer 8

Treismans model of Feature search states that we compair what we are seeing to our memories description which helps make it easier if you have seen it before

Question 9

In Treismans model were participant able to find sad or happy faces faster?

Answer 9

sad faces

its because of threat detection advantage from evolution

Question 10

what is a Priority map

Answer 10

you scan for things with behavioural significance (threat;reward)

Question 11

In visual attention what does the frontal eye field do

Answer 11

helps control eye movements and attention shifts

Question 12

In visual attention what does the lateral intaparietal area (LIP) involvced in?

Answer 12

its involved in spatial awareness and deciding where to look

Question 13

In visual attention what does the superior colliculus do?

Answer 13

controls rapid eye movements to focus on whats important

Question 14

T or F, there is one attention system

Answer 14

F;false

one system selects stimuli (decides what to focus on) Superior colliculus and intraparietal area (LIP)

another direct the movements (frontal eye field)

Question 15

do higher visual areas like V4 get activated when more attention is needed?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

What are the networks involved in attention?

Answer 16

1. alerting network
2. orienting network
3. executive network

Question 17

what are the structures in the alerting network and what is the NT (attention)

Answer 17

1 Locus coeruleus (LC)
2 Frontal cortex
3 parietal cortex
4. midbrain

Norepinephrine

Question 18

what are the structures in the orienting network and what is the NT (attention)

Answer 18

1 Superior parietal & Temporal parietal (ventral oreinting network-bottom-up)

2 Frontal eye fields (dorsal orienting network- topdown)

3 Superior colliculus
4 Pulvinar
5 junction

Acetylcholine (cholinergic neurons)

Question 19

what are the structures in the executive network and what is the NT (attention)

Answer 19

1 Anterior cingulate
2 Anterior insula (always active during task)
3 Basal ganglia
4. Dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex–parietal network

Dopamine

Question 20

which stucture from the executive network is always active? (attention)

Answer 20

2 Anterior insula (always active during task)

Question 21

which structure from the orienting network is sub-categorized as the ventral orienting network or bottom-up

Answer 21

1 Superior parietal & Temporal parietal (ventral oreinting network-bottom-up)

Question 22

which structure from the orienting network is sub-categorized as the dorsal orienting network or topdown

Answer 22

2 Frontal eye fields (dorsal orienting network- topdown)

Question 23

which stucture from the executive network is only active at the beginning of a task? (attention)

Answer 23

4. Dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex–parietal network

Question 24

what is self control?

Answer 24

Controlling cognition and emotions is a form of self-control

Question 25

what parts of the brain are involved in self-control

Answer 25

(EXECTUTIVE NETWORK/CONTROL) control is associated with activity in the lateral prefrontal and cingulate regions

Question 26

how does stress affect self control

Answer 26

stress changes structures in the PFC leading to neuropsychiatric conditions

Question 27

how does stress impair performace of students attention

Answer 27

by decreasing activity in EXECUTIVE CONTROL 1. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 2. anterior cingulate, 3. premotor, and posterior parietal cortices

Question 28

what are disorders associated with the Alerting network

Answer 28

aging ADHD sleep disorders

Question 29

what are disorders associated with the Orienting network

Answer 29

Autism PTSD spacial neglect

Question 30

what are disorders associated with the executive network

Answer 30

anxiety depression OCD personality disorder schizophrenia drugs

Question 31

T or F, attention requires synchony between neurons

Answer 31

T;true

Question 32

During an attention-demanding task, there was increased activity in the _________________ and decreased activity in the __________.

Answer 32

executive attention network; default network

Question 33

a neural signal of ____ is optimal for establishing synchrony

Answer 33

40 Hz

Question 34

Multitasking seems to recruit additional _________ areas

Answer 34

prefrontal cortex

Question 35

People fail to notice something while they are performing another task, a process known as ______ _______.

Answer 35

inattention blindness example, 70% of participants failed to notice a researcher in a gorilla suit walk through the middle of a basketball game

Question 36

Subjects routinely fail to notice changes in the environment if they are not expecting them, which is known as ______ ______.

Answer 36

change blindness

Question 37

Brain imaging shows unattended items are detected by the sensory systems, but are filtered out before _____ ______.

Answer 37

conscious awareness

Question 38

what is the difference between change blindness and inattention blindness

Answer 38

change blindness: miss a change in visual scene ex: actor's shirt changes colour in the next clip inattention blindness: miss something completely visible ex: gorilla video

Question 39

what is sensory neglect and what part of the brain is affected

Answer 39

Patients with damage to the right temporoparietal junction do not attend to the left side of space around them

Question 40

T or F, Reflexive responses to stimuli are considered indications of consciousness

Answer 40

F; false

Question 41

T or F, Conscious awareness of a movement might occur only after the movement is complete

Answer 41

T; true

Question 42

what is the Integrated information theory of conciousness?

Answer 42

1. Consciousness exists 2. unique experinces 3. Consciousness is one thing 4. individual conciousness is seperated by cause-and-effect relationships

Question 43

4 processes needed for conciousness ( we think)

Answer 43

arousal, perception, attention, working memory

Question 44

which parts of the brain are inactive during sleep or coma

Answer 44

EXECUTIVE CONTROL 1. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 2. medial frontal cortex, 3. posterior parietal cortex, 4 posterior cingulate cortex\ are all inactive when the participant is unconscious

Question 45

Some researchers have proposed that the _______ is the brain region that is critical in binding together information for conciousness

Answer 45

claustrum

Question 46

Coma patients can respond to yes and no questions by imagining playing tennis if the answer is yes and walking around their house if the answer is no. The fMRI activity recorded in coma patients is distinct for these two tasks, and the activity for each one resembles what you would observe in a conscious subject.

Answer 46

just a cool fact

Question 47

which overlap in brain regions are associated with conciousness and self awareness

Answer 47

a) Medial frontal cortex b) Posterior cingulate cortex

Question 48

what is neuroeconomics?

Answer 48

A fairly new interdisciplinary field that studies how the brain makes decisions Current research is focused on neuroeconomics and health psychology to understand how individuals make decisions about health and wellness behaviours