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psy 246 > ch 26 - neurological disorders > Flashcards

ch 26 - neurological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the steps of a neurological examination

A
  1. ask about any history of the patient or their family
  2. observe behaviours (mental status, motor control, and speech)
  3. perform basic tests for memory and attention
    4 .all 12 cranial nerves can be assessed in 2 mins
  4. do any follow ups useing EEG, CT or MRI scans
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2
Q

what are neurological examinatoins based on?

A

the brain

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3
Q

what are some neurological assessment tools

A
  1. odours - olfactory
  2. salt sugar - taste
  3. tuning fork - hearing
  4. reflex hammer - ?
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4
Q

which scan is used to find tumours in the brain

A

CT

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5
Q

which scan is best to find Multipule sclerosis

A

MRI

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6
Q

Traumatic Brain injury (TBI) facts

A
  1. occurs from car crashes, combat, sports
  2. males between 15-30 are at higher risk of TBI from sports and car crashes
  3. can go undetected for a while

*4. long-term decrease in glucose metabolism following TBI which can lead to impaired working memory and vulnerability to more injuries
(LONG TERM DEPRESSION)

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7
Q

difference between open head injuries and closed head injuries

A

open head injury - skull is penetrated and surgery is often needed to remove (bullet)

closed head injuries - hit to the head causes 3 types of damages
1. coup: blow site
2. countercoup: brain rebound injury
3. shearing: twisting of nerve fibers causes by rapid movements

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8
Q

What can a closed head injury lead to..?

A

Hematoma - mass of blood trapped in the skull

or

Edema - swelling that can result in pressure on the delicate nervous tissue

or

Coma - unconciousness correlates to the severity of the injury

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9
Q

Neuroimaging is good for TBI but what assesment is most valuable?

A

Behavioural assesments are more valuable to assess TBI

Glasgow coma scale (GCS)

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10
Q

what is the glasgow coma scale (GCS)

A

Quantifies the level of conciousness:

  1. eye opening 1-4
  2. motor response 1-6
  3. verbal response 1-5

score 8/15 or less is severe injur
score 9/15 is moderate injury
score 13+/15 is mild injury

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11
Q

How long does recovery take for TBI

A

most of the time 6-9 months

….sometimes 2-3 years

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12
Q

T or F

memory recovers faster than other cognitive functions

A

F false

memory takes the longest to recover

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13
Q

T or F

if damage involves the brainstem, the prognosis for recovery is not as good

A

True

damage to the brainstem is BAD

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14
Q

T or F

most head injuries are preventable by useing safer practices

A

T true

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15
Q

What is Epilepsy

A

cronic seizures

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16
Q

What are seizure symptoms..?

A
  1. aura -
  2. loss of concioussness
  3. full body movements (convulsions or loss of muscle tone atonic)
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17
Q

Types of seizures

A
  1. Focal/partial seizures
    - in one part of brain
    -user is still conscious
  2. generalized seizures
    -both hemishperes
    -user is not conscious
  3. Akinetic seizures
    - loss of muscle
  4. dissociative seizures
    -Psychogenic (non-epileptic) seizures caused by psychological factors
    -user feels cut off from the rest of thier body
    - 2:10,000 ppl
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18
Q

How can we treat epilepsy?

A

we want to reduce the stimulation so we use..:

a. GABA agonists(benzodiazapines) or Glutamant antagonists(ketamine)
b. sodium Na+ blockers
c. anesthetics
d. anticonvulsants
*e. drug dont work for 40% of pppl who need Deep brain stimulation or surgery to remove the spot where it starts

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of tumors specific to brain location

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Encapsulated tumor - forms on the meninges (outer brain)
  2. Infiltrating tumor - forms around the ventricals (inner brain)

they can be Malignent or Bengnin

20
Q

what does it mean for a tumor to be malignent?

Study These Flashcards
A

Malignent tumors spread and invade and are aggessive

21
Q

what does it mean for a tumor to be benign

Study These Flashcards
A

a bengin tumor is non-cancerous, wont come after removed, doesnt spread around

22
Q

What are some examples of Brain tumors

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A

**Glioma
- are 45% of all brain tumors
- come from glial cells
-lots of treatment types
**Meningioma
- bengin
- around the meneges (outer)
-symptoms come from pressing on the brain
***Metastic tumor
- start in body and make way to brain (bad)(usually types 4 cancers)
-best treatment is surgery

23
Q

***what is the best way to detect seizures?

24
Q

What can cause headaches

Study These Flashcards
A

lots of things, stress, disease, tumors, migranes, pressure, displacment, inflmmation

25
Where does the pain comes from during a headache..?
pain occurs in the -dura matter -arteries and viens in brain -cranial and cervical nerves
26
What are some other forms of headaches?
1. muscle contraction headaches: -pain from scalp and neck due to a bad sleep or stress 2. non-migranious vascular headaches: -cause from eating disorders, high altitudes, food, chemicals
27
Difference between viral infections and bacterial infections
viral infections: -uses host cells -attack nervous and cells -vectors like mosquitoes bacterial infetion: -replicate on own -causes puss and destroy cells
28
Whats are the 4 infections we talked about in class
viral infections bacterial infections mycotic infectins parasitic infections
29
what is the difference between mycototic infectin and parasitic infections
mycototic infections: - fungal infection - yeast, mold, mushrooms - usually brain is resistance but can cause tuberculosis Parasitic infections - parasites living inside you - malaria from mosquitos infect the brain and makes hemorrhages - toxoplamosis comes from humans who clean cat litter and can alter human behaviour and has infected up to 50% of the human population but is bad for pregnant women
30
How can we treat CNS infections
many treatments envolve managing the symptoms rather than removing it - more so for viruses because immune respose can useally handle it BUT... we can use antibiotics for bacterial infections
31
How can we tell if someone has onset myasthenia gravis
when asked to look up thier eyelids become droopy anfer some time
31
Myasthenia Gravis
a severe musle weakness from little activity or exercise Ach receptors are destroyed by immune system so connection to muscles goes away ** mostly in females
32
are neuromuscular muscular diseases more common in men or women? (like myasthenia gravis and MS)
women
33
Multiple Sclerosis
chronic autoimmune disease immune system attacks the myelin sheath - communication problems between the brain and body - muscle weakness, - fatigue - coordination issues
34
Poliomyelitis
caused by poliovirus that: - attacks the nervous system - weakness - paralysis - in severe cases, respiratory failure
35
difference between paraplegia, quadraplegia, hemiplegia
Paraplegia – Paralysis of both legs and lower body, usually due to spinal cord injury. Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia) – Paralysis of all four limbs (both arms and legs), typically from a cervical spinal cord injury. Hemiplegia – Paralysis on one side of the body, often caused by a stroke or brain injury
36
What are the motor disorders involving the basal ganglia
*Hyperkinetic-dystonic (+ movement) a. huntington disease b. tourette syndrome *Hypokinetic-rigid (- movement) a. parkinsons disease
37
huntingtons disease
involves *choreas which are twisting movements caused by HTT gene which makes accumlating protien in basal ganglia youll see a decrease in the inderect pathway in basal ganglia from cell loss in globus pallidus and putamen HYPERKINETIC
38
what are choreas
twisting movements
39
Direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia
direct: initiates movement indirect: terminates unwanted movement
40
Tourette syndrome what are the three stages from onset
HYPERKINETIC onset ages 2-15 3 stages 1. tic in face body and limbs 2. tiks and inarticulate cries 3. echolalia which is innaproproate speech *larger putamen and smaller thalamus
41
Parkinsons what are the positive and negative symptoms
HYPOKINETIC around 1% of the population -tremors -rigidity - posture *positive and negatice symptoms ---------> (+) common nad happens in everyone (overactive thing) tremors and rigidity meaning extra movements (-) (underactive things) like akinesia which means missing movements
42
causes of parkinsons
idiopathic (unknown causes) 1. damage to substantia nigra 2. drugs like heroin damaging dopamine cells ****3. protien alpha-synuclein which is associated with bad gut health
43
how can we treat parkinsons
theres no cure but we can use: -monoamine oxidase -tricyclix antidepressants -stem cells -DBS -anticholinergic drugs to block ach
44
Cerebral Vascular Disorders
1. Cerebral ischemia -vessle blocked -clot lead to thrombosis 2. Migrane stroke -decrease bloodlfow from contricted vessel -cause of the vascular spasm is not known 3. cerebral hemorrage -blood vessel breaks -brain bleeding -caused from high blood flow
45
What is the difference between Angiomas and Aneurysms
Angiomas -abnormal blood vessles that divert the normal flow of blood -results in abnormal patterns of blood flow Aneurysm -the walls are too elastic than normal -vessles balloon out
46
How can we treat cerebral vascular disorders
Restoring blood supply drugs to block Ca2+ channels can help avoid cell death surgery to suppor an aneurysm or remove blood that is putting pressure on any surrounding areas

psy 246 (15 decks)

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