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A&P 151 > Ch 24:the Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch 24:the Digestive System Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two processes of digesting food?

A

Mechanical and chemical

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2
Q

Mechanical

A

Chewing

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3
Q

Chemical

A

Producing saliva to break down food particles

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4
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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5
Q

What organs are in the digestive tract?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine

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6
Q

What organs are accessory to the digestive system?

A

Tongue, teeth, salivary, glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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7
Q

Definition of mastication

A

Process of chewing to mechanically break down food

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8
Q

Propulsion and mixing

A

Movement of food in the G.I. tract

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9
Q

Peristalsis

A

Moves material through digestive tract that relaxes the muscle and contract muscles

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10
Q

What are the mass movements in the large intestine?

A

Mixing waves in the stomach in segmental contractions and small intestine

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11
Q

Function of secretions in the digestive system

A

Lubricate, liquefy, and digest

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12
Q

What are secreted of the digestive system?

A

Mucus, water, enzymes

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13
Q

What makes the stomach so acidic

A

Hydrochloric acid

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14
Q

Type of muscle in the esophagus

A

Striated (voluntary): 1/3
Transition: 2/3
Smooth muscle: 3/3

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15
Q

Does the esophagus contain smooth and striated muscle?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What organ contains hydrochloric acid?

A

The stomach

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17
Q

What are two components of the pharynx

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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18
Q

What are components of the duodenum?

A

Biliary tract—> liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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19
Q

What is in between the ascending colon in the transverse colon?

A

Hepatic flexure
(right colonic flexure)

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20
Q

What is in between the transverse colon and the descending colon?

A

Splenic flexure
(left Colonic Flexure)

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21
Q

Mucosa

A

Lumen

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22
Q

What organs are stratified squamous?

A

Mouth, Oropharynx, esophagus, and anal canal

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23
Q

What organs are simple columnar epithelium?

A

Rest of the tract

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24
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Lemina propria

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25
What type of muscle is Muscularis mucosae
Smooth muscle
26
Submucosa
Thick layer with nerves, blood vessels, small glands
27
What are the two smooth muscle layers of the muscularis externa?
Inner Circular and outer longitudinal layer
28
Nervous regulation
Parasympathetic primarily -Sympathetic and put inhibits muscle contraction, secretion, decrease a blood flow to the digestive tract
29
Chemical regulation
-production of hormones -Gastrin : increases HCl Secretin: stimulates, pancreas, release, bicarbonates to neutralize acid 
30
Paritonium
-visceral: covers organs -Parietal: covers interior surface, a body
31
Mesenteries
Two layers of peritonism with thin layer of loose CT between
32
Greater omentum
Connect stomach to the transverse colon
33
Lesser omentum
Connects stomach to the liver and diaphragm
34
Mesntery
Connects the small intestine to the posterior wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
35
Oral cavity posterior
Fauces
36
Superior oral cavity
Hard and soft palate
37
Inferior oral cavity
Tongue
38
Lateral oral cavity
Buccinator
39
Vestibule
Space between lips/cheeks and alveolar process is with teeth
40
What is the oral cavity lined with?
Moist stratified, squamous epithelium
41
Lingual frenulum
Tissue, connects, bottom palate to tongue
42
How many teeth are on the top in the bottom?
16 teeth each
43
How many teeth do children have an adult have?
Children: 20 teeth Adults : 32 teeth
44
Type of teeth
incisors:2 Canines :1 Premolars :2 Molars :3
45
Enamel
Outer most layer of anatomical crown
46
Dentin
Living cellular calcified tissue -Helps hold tooth in the socket
47
Pulp cavity
Root canal
48
Gingiva
Dense, fibrous tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium
49
What are salivary gland made of
Digestive enzymes IgA
50
What are the three pairs of the multicellular glands?
Perotid: largest by the ear Submandibular: mixed near mandible Sublingual: smallest on the floor of the oral cavity
51
Three phases of deglutition
Voluntary: tongue from oral cavity to pharynx -Pharyngeal/moving food into the esophagus -Esophageal: stretching, esophagus to move food in the stomach
52
What is Gerd?
Gastroesophageal, reflux, disease
53
Heartburn
Burning of esophagus with esophagus sphincter isn’t close
54
Surface mucus cells
Produce mucus in lubricate food
55
Parietal cells
Produce Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
56
Chief cells
Produce pepsinogen -Digest proteins
57
Pro enzyme
Inactivated enzyme
58
Intero chromaffin like cells
Histamine that stimulates acid secretion -H2 promotes HCl production
59
If intrinsic factor is absent
We won’t produce B12
60
What are the functions of HCl?
-kill bacteria in the stomach -HCl chemical digest -Activate pepsinogen
61
G-cells
Secrete, gastrin and promote production of HCl
62
S-cells
Secrete somatostatin and decreased production of HCl
63
What is gastric ulcer caused by?
Bacteria Helicobacter pylori
64
Brush border
Microvilli that increases surface area to absorb nutrients
65
Absorbtive cells
Selves with Microvilli that produces digestive enzymes
66
Goblet cells
Produce protective mucus
67
Granular cells
From small intestines, that help protect from bacteria
68
Endocrine cells
Produce regulatory hormones
69
Where is the liver located?
Upper right quadrant
70
How many lobes and ligaments does the liver have?
Four lobes Three ligaments
71
Where is the quadrate lobe located?
Laterally bound by gallbladder
72
Four lobes of liver
Quadrate lobe, right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe
73
Three ligaments of liver
Falciform ligament Coronary ligament Round ligament
74
What is the porta hepatis?
Contains ducts, portal vein, and hepatic artery
75
What is the portal triad?
Contains hepatic duct, portal vein, hepatic artery made from simple cuboidal epithelium
76
Bile production
Released and concentrated in the gallbladder
77
can excess glucose be saved as glycogen in the liver
Yes
78
Bile salts
Emulsify lipids in our reabsorbed in the ileum
79
Does the liver stores nutrients?
Yes, glycogen, fat, and vitamins
80
Detoxification
Metabolize alcohol
81
Left and right hepatic ducks will merge into what?
Common hepatic duct
82
Cystic duct and common hepatic duct will merge into what?
Common bile duct
83
Common bile duct will merge with pancreatic duct and form?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
84
Cholecystokinin
Stimulates bile excretion
85
Choldocholithiasis
Call bladder stone located in the common bile duct
86
Endocrine for pancreas
Pancreatic islets -Produce insulin, glycogen and somatostatin
87
What are proenzymes
Pepsinogen, inactivated enzyme That’s activated by HCl
88
Trypsinogen
Activated by enterokinase - type of proenzyme
89
Chymotrypsinogen
Activated by tryosinogen to carboxypeptidase - digest proteins
90
Procarboxypeptidase
Activated by trypsin to carboxypeptidase - digest proteins
91
Flexure
Natural bend
92
Cecum
Blind sac - vermiform appendix
93
Colon
Ascending, transverse, descending colon
94
What do teniae coil bands cause
Pouches called haustra
95
What are small fat filled pouches called
Omental appendages
96
Are both anal concrete made up of smooth muscle
No, external is voluntary (skeletal) Internal is smooth
97
Functions of the large intestine
- reabsorb water - contains vitamin k producing bacteria - fecal matter formation
98
Control defacation steps
1. Distention of the rectum by feces 2. Stimulates parasympathetic reflexes 3. Voluntary control of the external anal sphincter
99
Lipoprotein
Lipids coated in protein
100
What are components of micell
Bile salt and fatty acids
101
LDL
75% lipids , 25% protein - transports to cholesterol cells
102
HDL
55% lipids , 45% protein - transport excess cholesterol from cells to liver
103
Cardioprotective agemt
Apart of HDL that’s good for health/heart
104
Pancreatic amylase
Digest carbs
105
Pancreatic lipase
Digest lipids
106
Absorption of vitamin b-12 needs?
Intrinsic factoparietal cell
107
What’s does parietal cell do
Reduced HCI
108
In the digestive tract are nutrient absorbed in the stomach
No, 92% absorption occurs in small intestine Also in large intestine

A&P 151 (16 decks)

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