Ch 27 - Prokaryotes

Question 1

2 Domains of prokaryotes

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

Shapes of prokaryotes

Answer 2

Spheres(coccus/cocci), Rods(bacillus/bacilli), and Spirals

Question 3

Peptidoglycan

Answer 3

A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

Question 4

Gram stain

Answer 4

Used by scientists to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

Question 5

Gram-positive bacteria

Answer 5

Have simple walls with a lot of peptidoglycan

Question 6

Gram-negative Bacteria

Answer 6

Have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic to us

Question 7

Capsule

Answer 7

A polysaccharide or protein layer, covers many prokaryotes

Question 8

Fimbriae

Answer 8

Allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or other organisms in a colony

Question 9

Pili/Pilus (Sex Pili)

Answer 9

Are longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

Question 10

Taxis

Answer 10

The ability for bacteria to move toward or away from a stimulus

Question 11

Chemotaxis

Answer 11

The movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus

Question 12

Bacterial flagella are made of

Answer 12

Motor, hook, and filament

Question 13

Flagella is believed to have evolved through

Answer 13

Exaptation where existing proteins were added to an ancestral secretory system

Question 14

Plasmids

Answer 14

Smaller rings of DNA that some bacteria have

Question 15

Features of prokaryotic reproduction

Answer 15

1. They are small
2. They reproduce by binary fission
3. They have short generation times

Question 16

Factors that contribute to prokaryotic genetic diversity

Answer 16

1. Rapid reproduction
2. Mutation
3. Genetic recombination

Question 17

Genetic recombination

Answer 17

The combining of DNA from 2 sources

Question 18

Transformation

Answer 18

When a prokaryotic cell incorporates foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

Question 19

Transduction

Answer 19

The movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages(viruses that infect bacteria)

Question 20

Conjugation

Answer 20

The process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

Question 21

F Factor

Answer 21

A piece of DNA required for the production of pili

Question 22

F Plasmid

Answer 22

Cells that have this, function as DNA donors in conjugation

Question 23

R Plasmids

Answer 23

Carry genes for antibiotic resistance

Question 24

Phototroph

Answer 24

Obtain energy from light

Question 25

Chemotroph

Answer 25

Obtain energy from chemicals

Question 26

Autotroph

Answer 26

Require CO2 as a carbon source

Question 27

Heterotroph

Answer 27

Require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

Question 28

4 Major Modes of Nutrition

Answer 28

1. Photoautotrophy 2. Chemoautotrophy 3. Photoheterotrophy 4. Chemoheterotrophy

Question 29

Obligate Aerobes

Answer 29

Require O2 for cellular respiration

Question 30

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 30

Poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Question 31

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 31

Can survive with or without O2

Question 32

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 32

Prokaryotes convert N2 to ammonia NH3

Question 33

Extremophiles

Answer 33

Archaea that live in extreme conditions

Question 34

Extreme halophiles

Answer 34

Live in highly saline environments

Question 35

Extreme thermophiles

Answer 35

Thrive in very hot environments

Question 36

Symbiosis

Answer 36

When two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont

Question 37

Mutualism

Answer 37

When both symbiotic organisms benefit

Question 38

Commensalism

Answer 38

One organism benefits while neither helping nor harming the other in any significant way

Question 39

Parasitism

Answer 39

An organism called a parasite harms but doesn’t kill its host

Question 40

Pathogens

Answer 40

Parasites that cause diseases

Question 41

Exotoxins

Answer 41

Are secreted and cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them aren’t present

Question 42

Endotoxins

Answer 42

Released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

Question 43

Bioremediation

Answer 43

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

Question 44

Cyanobacteria

Answer 44

Photoautotrophs that generate O2