Ch 34 - Vertebrates

Question 1

4 Key Characteristics of Chordates

Answer 1

Notochord, Dorsal(hollow nerve cord), Pharyngeal slits, post-anal tai

Question 2

Notochord

Answer 2

Flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord that supports the body

Question 3

Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord

Answer 3

The nerve cord of a chordate embryo develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

Question 4

Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts

Answer 4

Grooves in the pharynx called pharyngeal clefts develop into slits that open to the outside of the body

Question 5

Functions of pharyngeal slits

Answer 5

Suspension feeding structures
Gas exchange in vertebrates
Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods

Question 6

Muscular, Post-Anal Tail

Answer 6

Chordates have a tail posterior to the anus which provides propelling force in many aquatic species

Question 7

A skeletal system and complex nervous system have allowed vertebrates efficiency at two tasks:

Answer 7

Capturing food, evading predators

Question 8

Vertebrates have 2 more sets of

Answer 8

Hox genes

Question 9

Derived characters of vertebrates

Answer 9

1. Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
2. An elaborate skull
3. Fin rays in aquatic form

Question 10

Mineralization appears to have originated with

Answer 10

vertebrate mouthparts

Question 11

Gnathostomes

Answer 11

Jawed vertebrates, outnumber jawless vertebrates

Question 12

Tetrapods are

Answer 12

gnathostomes that have limbs

Question 13

Derived characters of tetrapods

Answer 13

1) 4 Limbs, feet with digits
2) Neck, which allows separate movement of the head
3) Absence of gills
4) Ears for detecting airborne sounds

Question 14

Amniotes

Answer 14

Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg (reptiles, birds, mammals)

Question 15

Amniotic egg

Answer 15

Contains membranes that protect the embryo

Question 16

Extraembryonic membranes

Answer 16

Amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

Question 17

Egg Cell/Ovum

Answer 17

Female reproductive cell

Question 18

Fertilized amniotic egg

Answer 18

embryo is in amniotic fluid surrounded by membrane called amnion

Question 19

Macrolecithal eggs

Answer 19

Eggs with large yolk found in some species of cephalopods (octopus) and vertebrates

Question 20

Reptile clade

Answer 20

Includes lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and some extinct groups
- Have waterproof scales and lay shelled eggs on land

Question 21

Ectothermic

Answer 21

Absorbing external heat as main source of body heat

Question 22

Ectotherms regulate their body temperature through

Answer 22

behavioral adaptations

Question 23

Endothermic

Answer 23

Maintain body temperature through metabolism

Question 24

Birds probably descended from

Answer 24

small theropods, carnivorous dinosaurs

Question 25

Mammals

Answer 25

Amniotes that have hair and produce milk

Question 26

Derived Characters of Mammals

Answer 26

1. Mammary glands which produce milk 2. Hair 3. High metabolic rate due to endothermy 4. Larger brain 5. Differentiated teeth

Question 27

Monotremes

Answer 27

Small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

Question 28

Marsupials

Answer 28

Include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

Question 29

Marsupials evolved by

Answer 29

convergent evolution and resemble eutherians in other parts of the world

Question 30

Eutherians

Answer 30

Placental Mammals, have a more complex placenta than marsupials

Question 31

Vitelline membrane

Answer 31

A structure surrounding the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum

Question 32

Blastocyst

Answer 32

A thin-walled hollow structure that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises.

Question 33

Syncytiotrophoblast

Answer 33

The epithelial covering of the highly vascular embryonic placental villi

Question 34

Primates

Answer 34

Mammalian order includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

Question 35

Humans are members of the ape group

Answer 35

diurnal (active during daytime)

Question 36

Derived Characters of Primates

Answer 36

1. Large brain and short jaws 2. Forward-looking eyes 3. Complex social behavior and parental care 4. Fully opposable thumb

Question 37

Living Primates (Extant)

Answer 37

Group 1: Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies Group 2: Tarsiers Group 3: Anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

Question 38

Humans are

Answer 38

mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

Question 39

Differences between humans and other apes

Answer 39

Upright posture, bipedal locomotion Larger brains capable of language, complex tools Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles Shorter digestive tract

Question 40

Paleoanthropology

Answer 40

The study of human origins

Question 41

Hominins (formerly called Hominids)

Answer 41

More closely related to Humans than to chimpanzees

Question 42

Australopiths

Answer 42

A paraphyletic assemblage of hominins living between 4 and 2 million years ago

Question 43

Neanderthals

Answer 43

Lived in Europe and Near East more than 30K years ago, thick-boned with a larger brain, buried their dead, and made hunting tools

Question 44

Homo Sapiens

Answer 44

Appeared in Africa by 195K years ago, all living humans descended from them

Question 45

Homo sapiens were the first group to show evidence of

Answer 45

symbolic and sophisticated thought

Question 46

Fish egg (ova)

Answer 46

Single celled female gametes surrounded by a thick and hard acellular egg envelope (chorion) in which a hole (micropyle) is present.