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second half of anatomy II > ch 27 - reproductive system p2 > Flashcards

ch 27 - reproductive system p2 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

spermatogenesis

A

production of male gametes

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2
Q

important cell types of the seminiferous tubules

A

sustenocytes and spermatogenic cells, myoid cells, interstitial endocrine cells

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3
Q

sustenocytes-

A

surround, support, and nourish developing sperm

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4
Q

spermatogenic cells

A

sperm forming cells

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5
Q

myoid cells

A

contract to move immature sperm from tubules to epididymis

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6
Q

interstitial endocrine cells

A

secrete testosterone, with a lil estrogen

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7
Q

process of spermatogenesis

A

before puberty has spermatogonia, then after it has type A and B daughter cells, with primary spermatocyte then meiosis one leading to secondary spermatocyte, then meiosis 2 going to spermatids and then spermiogeneiss

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8
Q

spermatogonia divides by

A

mitosis

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9
Q

before puberty what are spermatogonia

A

still spermatogonia

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10
Q

after puberty what are spermatogonia

A

type A and type B daughter cells

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11
Q

type B daughter cells turn into

A

primary spermatocytes

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12
Q

type A daughter cells

A

may stay as stem cell and turn into type B spermatogonia

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13
Q

primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis one to become

A

secondary spermatocytes

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14
Q

secondary spermatocytes undergo meosis 2 to become

A

spermatids

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15
Q

spermatids undergo

A

spermiogeneiss

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16
Q

spermiogenesis produces

A

functional, but immature sperm

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17
Q

3 areas of sperm

A

head, mid piece, and tail

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18
Q

head, mid piece, and tail of sperm what do they do

A

head - holds genetic material
mid piece -has mitochondria, its the metabolic area
tail - locomotor with flagellum

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19
Q

acrosome is

A

helmet like structure that holds hydrolytic enzymes, which you need for fertilization

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20
Q

sperm become functional when

A

they meet seminal fluid

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21
Q

HPG axis in males

A

hypothalamus release GnRH and GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH, but in males it is special. LH stimulates to make testosterone and FSH makes ABP (antigen binding protein)

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22
Q

LH stimulates what to make testosterone

A

interstitial endocrine cells of testes

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23
Q

FSH stimulates what to make androgen binding protein (ABP)

A

sustenocytes.

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24
Q

ABP keeps local testosterone in testes

A

High, bc some testosterone will leave the body but ABP locks in the testosterone so local levels are high to influence spermatogonia

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25
when does the HPG axis work primarily
after puberty
26
fetuses have a surge of gonadotropins and testosterone before birth - why is this important
stimulates production of the reproductive organs
27
does the fetal surge of hormones last or no
no it drops quickly, and won't come back until after puberty
28
testosterone does what
stimulates sperm production in testes
29
secondary sex characteristics
features induced in nonproductive structures due to influence of sex hormone body hair, larynx enlargement and voice deepens, thick and oily skin, more skeletal size and mass
30
voice cracks happen cuz
vocal chords are not pulled as tightly and not mature yet
31
erection
arterioles surrounding erectile tissue are constricted when not aroused, but when aroused, parasympathetic system stimulates nitric oxide (local vasodilator) to dilate blood vessels
32
what fills when erections occur
filling of corpora cavernosa compresses drainage vessels so blood wont leave corpus spongiousm fills but not as much
33
when corpus spongiosum fills, it won't fill as much as cavernosa, what does this prevent
prevents closing of the urethra bc it surrounds the urethra
34
the penis is the only part of the body to
have blood flow be influenced by the parasympathetic division
35
ejaculation Is
propulsion of semen from duct system
36
ejaculation is caused by initiation of what
spinal reflex, uncontrollable
37
what occurs during ejaculation
accessory glands contract and release to prostatic urethra, internal spchinter closes so urine won't follow sperm, and bulbospongiousus muscles of pelvis contract rapidly to propel semen out of body
38
gross anatomy of female reproductive system
ovaries which are supported by ligaments and each ovary has a cortex and medulla
39
female gonads are
ovaries
40
ligaments supporting ovaries
ovarian - anchor ovary to uterus suspensory - anchors ovary to pelvic wall broad - encloses ovarian ligament and supports uterine tube and uterus and vagina
41
cortex and medulla of the ovary
cortex - forming gametes are found here medulla - contains blood vessels and nerves that serve ovaries
42
PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome
ovaries and adrenal glands produce and please a higher than normal amount of testosterone, ovaries filled with cysts, ovulation is irregular or not at all
43
pcos causes
not sure but could be genetics, lifestyle, or environemtn
44
wha is coupled with PCOS
insulin resistance, so could lead to type 2 diabetes
45
symptoms of PCOS
irregular periods or missing, a lot of body hair, weight gain, oily skin, thin hair, infertility, skin discoloration
46
is there a cure for PCOS
no, but can be treated with diet/exercise and medications to stimulate ovulation or BC
47
cyst covered ovaries r bad cuz
can't regulate hormones, periods are irregular
48
accessory ducts to ovaries include
uterine tubes, uterus, uterine wall, endometrium
49
uterine tubes
fallopian tubes, receive ovulated oocyte and Is site of fertilization.
50
uterine tubes r supported by the
mesosalpinx
51
3 general regions of the uterine tubes
infundibulum - end of tube close to ovary ampulla - middle portion where it is fertilized isthmus - connects tube to uterus
52
walls of tubes have what cell types
smooth muscle- which can generate movement ciliated cells - make the current and movement of egg will occur non ciliated cell- support oocyte with nutrients
53
uterus
receives retains and nourishes a fertilized egg
54
3 regions of uterus
fundus, body, cervix
55
fundus of uterus
superior dome shape, meets with each uterine tube at isthmus
56
body and cervix of uterus
body will be major protein, cervix is neck of uterus leads into vagina. cervical glands secrete mucus to block off uterus from vagina
57
why cervix secretes mucus to block off uterus
normal bacteria that we do not want in wrong place helps it stay where it should be, if no egg to fertilize we don't want soerm so it wil not enter
58
uterine walls
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
59
permetrim and myometrium and endometrium
peri - outermost later myo - has smooth muslce which can aid in childbirth bc sends contractions endo - mucosa of uterus where embryo will implant itself
60
embryo stays where thru entire pregnancy
endometrium
61
2 subdivisions of the endomedtrium
stratum functionalism - shed layer during mesntriation stratum basalis - forms new functional layer after shedding
62
stratum basalis replaces
stratum functionalis
63
vasculature of the uterus
uterine arteries brace hto form arcuate arteries, which enter myometrium radial arteries enter endometrium and form brnches
64
uterine arteries form
arcuate arteries
65
radial arteries branch into
straight arteries - supply stratum basalts spiral arteries- supply stratum functionallis, which repeatedly degenerate/regenerate in response to hormone levels changing
66
why is it important for radial arteries to degenerate and regenerate
very sensitive to hormonal changes, estrogen and progesterone, and the physical breakdown regenerates for the process to be ongoing
67
where do spiral arteries regenerate from
the basal arteries

second half of anatomy II (21 decks)

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