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second half of anatomy II > chapter 27- reproductive system p1 > Flashcards

chapter 27- reproductive system p1 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

four processes to allow offspring production

A

gamete formation, copulation, fertilization, gestation and parturition

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2
Q

gamete formation

A

sperm and ova

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3
Q

copulation

A

sperm and egg brought together

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4
Q

fertilization

A

combining genetic content of sperm and egg

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5
Q

gestation adnd parturition

A

development/pregnancy and birth of fetus

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6
Q

meiosis

A

nuclear division that occurs only in gonads and results in gamete formation

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7
Q

meosis importance

A

reduces chromosomes in gametes by half, and makes genetic variability

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8
Q

why is it important to have genetic variability and Half chromosomes from meiosis

A

important for species survival, variability leads to differential survival rates

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9
Q

meiosis makes the

A

haploid

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10
Q

before meiosis, chromosomes in diploid (2n) parent cell do what

A

they hav to replicate

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11
Q

what do we call replicate chromosomes from before meiosis begins

A

sister chromatids

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12
Q

meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes synapse to make tetrads, then cross over and align on spindle plate (random) and then homologs chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles for cleavage to occur

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13
Q

what is crossing over in meiosis one

A

exchange of genetic material for genetic variation

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14
Q

do sister chromatids separate when homologus chromosomes do

A

NO

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15
Q

end result of meiosis one

A

2 daughter cells that are haploid in nature (has half genetic info necessary)

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16
Q

meiosis 2 process

A

same as meiosis one, but without chromosomal replication

formation of new spindle, chromosomes line up at equator, sister chromatids separate and go to opposite poles, and cleavage occurs

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17
Q

end result of meiosis 2

A

4 haploid daughter cells

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18
Q

hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis (HPG Axis)

A

interaction of hormones released by hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and gonads

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19
Q

function of HPG axis is

A

regulates hormonal release by gonads, so regulate the gamete formation and some other stuff like reproduction function

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20
Q

important structures and their role in HPG axis

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, gonads

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21
Q

hypothally in HPG Axis `

A

releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which circulates to anterior pituitary to make it release stuff

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22
Q

anterior pituitary gland in HPG axis

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) bc of the GnRH - which circulates through blood until the gonads

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23
Q

gonads in HPG axis

A

release sex hormones and produce gametes in response to LH and FSH which is where it gets gender specific sex hormones

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24
Q

testes

A

male gonads

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25
testes go in the
scrotum
26
scrotum is composed of
superficial fascia and skin
27
importance of scrotum
allows testes to be 3 degrees cooler than rest of body
28
why is it good for sperm to be cold
sperm production occurs at lower temperatures, could be irregular if warm
29
dartos muscle
changes surface area of scrotal tissue, reducing SA so less heat can be lost
30
cremaster muscle
changes testes position by elevating and depressing testes. elevates to higher temp and brings closer, depressed when cooler
31
vasculature of testes
testicular arteries and veins, artery supply vein drains
32
innervation of testes
symp (reduce sperm production) and parasympathetic divisions (more sperm),
33
spermatic cord will
prevent infection in testes
34
seminiferous tubules
function to make sperm
35
where do immature sperm move through
rete testis to epididymis
36
testicular cancer can be called
seminoma or non seminoma, and can be in one or both testes
37
symptoms of testicular cancer
painless lump or swell of testes, dull pain in lower pelvis or lower back
38
testes cancer can be caused by and treated by
genetics/fam history, Klinefelter syndrome, persistent or chronic inflammation treated by chemo or surgery
39
klinefelter syndrome
XXY chromosome instead of XY for males. would make HCG show up on pregnancy test `
40
what are the accessory ducts to testes
epididymis, ducts deferents, urethra, penis
41
epididymis stores what
immature sperm, they will be able to swim once they reach here
42
what happens to sperm that don't leave epididymis
can stay there for months, but longer it remains there more likely ti will behave badly. so body will phagocyte them
43
ductus deferens
transports sperm out of epididymis during ejaculation
44
ductus deferens ends where
ampulla, which ends at ejaculatory duct , which empties in urethra
45
vasectomy
ductus deferens is cut or cauterized, sperm still produced but can't leave body, takes 2-3 moths to work bc speem lingers
46
urethra
terminal portion of male reproductive system, has prostatic intermediate and spongy part
47
prostatic urethra
portion of urethra surrounded by prostate gland
48
intermediate part of urethra
connects prostatic to spongy
49
spongy urethrsa
runs through penis and opens to exterior body part
50
penis function
to deliver sperm to female reproductive tract during copulation
51
penis ends where
glans
52
glans surrounded by
prepuce
53
erectile tissue
contains connective tissue smooth muslce, and vascular space.
54
corpus spongiosium and corpora cavernosa
spongiosium surrounds urethra, distal portion forms glans and helps keep urethra opens cavernosa is paired structures that make up most of penile tissue
55
seminal glands and what they secrete
empty into ejaculatory duct and secrete fructose prostaglandins and relaxin proteins
56
accessory gland sof male reproduction system
seminal glands, prostate
57
prostate gland
composed of 20-30 glands, produces citrate and specific antigens to activate sperm, smooth muscle walls contract during ejaculation to release contents
58
the stuff the prostate gland produces
citrate and prostate specific antigen (PSA)
59
prostate cancer
1/6 men will get it, develops later usually above 50 years, men usually die with it not bc of it, difficult to pee or blood in urine/semen and ED are symptom, but usually no symptoms in early stages
60
benign prostatic hyperplasia
benign prostate growth, constricts prostate urethra and makes urination hard n painful
61
bulbourethral glands produce
alkaline mucus
62
why is alkaline mucus important in bulbo urethral glands
it mixes w other fluids and the low pH kills sperm, urine can kill sperm, vagian is acidic and can kill sperm, so the alkaline mucus protects sperm for survival
63
semen
combo of sperm and accessory gland secretions, 150-300 million sperm leave in every ejaculation
64
components of seminal secretions and their functions, 6 of them
prostaglandins, relaxin, fructose, antibiotic components, cloitting facotrs, other suppresses female immune system
65
prostaglandins
decrease viscosity of mucus in female cervix, stimulates reverse peristalsis in uterus which makes sperm go up to fertilize egg
66
relaxin
promotes and enhances sperm motility so swims faster and harder
67
fructose
catabolized for ATP synthesis its an energy source
68
antibiotic components
destroy any bacteria that can harm sperm
69
clotting factors
coagulate sperm after ejaculation, thicker in female so it won't leave easily

second half of anatomy II (21 decks)

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