Ch. 28 - Pregnancy & Human Development

Question 0

When can a sperm fertilize the egg?

Answer 0

Sperm has to be capacitated

Question 1

What hormones are produced by the placenta?

Answer 1

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT), relaxin

Question 2

Put in order - blastocyst, morula, zygote.

Answer 2

Zygote, morula, blastocyst

Question 3

What is the function of relaxin?

Answer 3

Causes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax, widen, and become more flexible.

Question 4

What process produces the 3 germ layers?

Answer 4

Gastrulation

Question 5

What are the 3 germ layers?

Answer 5

Ectoderm (outer skin), mesoderm (middle skin), endoderm (inner skin)

Question 6

What occurs during cleavage?

Answer 6

Period of rapid mitotic division, provides building blocks for constructing the embryo

Question 7

During what stage of labor is the fetus delivered?

Answer 7

Expulsion stage

Question 8

What stage of labor is for afterbirth?

Answer 8

Placental stage

Question 9

What two hormones are needed to allow milk ejection?

Answer 9

Oxytocin & prolactin

Question 10

Neural tissue is formed by what germ layer?

Answer 10

Ectoderm

Question 11

Muscle tissue is formed by what germ layer?

Answer 11

Mesoderm

Question 12

What does the trophoblast form?

Answer 12

Placenta

Question 13

What happens if polyspermy occurs?

Answer 13

Too much DNA and are nonviable (die)

Question 14

What happens if the foramen ovale fails to close at birth?

Answer 14

Deoxygenated blood will flow into left atrium and go to rest of body. Blood won’t have enough oxygen. Baby will turn blue

Question 15

Define Braxton-hicks contractions.

Answer 15

False labor. Myometrium becomes increasingly irritable and weak, irregular uterine contractions begin. Prepares for labor.

Question 16

What is the first “milk” produced by the mother called?

Answer 16

Colostrum

Question 17

What is a fertilized egg called?

Answer 17

Zygote

Question 18

When do you officially call the developing individual a fetus rather than an embryo?

Answer 18

At 9 weeks

Question 19

What hormone does the mother’s pituitary continue to produce milk?

Answer 19

Oxytocin

Question 20

What starts labor?

Answer 20

Estrogen levels rise, increase oxytocin receptors on uterus myometrial cells, Braxton hicks contractions begin to prepare

Question 21

What does implantation signal (the division of what)?

Answer 21

Rapid mitotic division of zygote

Question 22

What happens to sperm once it enters the female?

Answer 22

Becomes capacitated

Question 23

What occurs at the implantation stage?

Answer 23

Endometrium thickens, diffusion of blood, placenta makes hCG

Question 24

What do the umbilical arteries carry?

Answer 24

Nutrients

Question 25

At what stage is the placenta fully prepared to fulfill the needs of the fetus?

Answer 25

End of the third month of pregnancy (end of first trimester)

Question 26

What is an ectopic pregnancy, and why is it problematic?

Answer 26

Embryo implants in any site other than the uterus. Can't establish placenta or accommodate growth, can rupture unless spotted or abort itself

Question 27

What allows implantation of the blastocyst?

Answer 27

Prepared endometrium

Question 28

The placenta is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. What portion is from the fetus?

Answer 28

Villous chorion

Question 29

What happens to the heart once the infant takes it's first breath?

Answer 29

Shunts close, functions normally

Question 30

What is placenta previa? What often occurs with this condition? How is it treated?

Answer 30

Placental formation adjacent to or across the internal os of the uterus. Could tear the placenta.