Ch.16 - The Endocrine System

Question 0

How does the thyroid hormone exert it’s influence (how does it enter a cell)?

Answer 0

Binding to receptors within the nucleus

Question 1

What hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood?

Answer 1

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 2

How much of the sex hormones does the adrenal gland produce versus the gonads themselves?

Answer 2

Very minimal, insignificant

Question 3

How does the glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

Answer 3

Increases glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids which increases blood pressure

Question 4

How important is FSH in sperm production?

Answer 4

Very important. Stimulates sperm production

Question 5

What regulates the secretion if ACTH?

Answer 5

Hypothalamus

Question 6

Is the release of oxytocin an example of positive or negative feedback?

Answer 6

Positive feedback

Question 7

Of the following, which is not a steroid-based hormone: cortisone, aldosterone, epinephrine, or estrogen?

Answer 7

Epinephrine

Question 8

When is insulin released?

Answer 8

When glucose levels rise

Question 9

What does GH target for growth?

Answer 9

Bones & muscles

Question 10

What is up-regulation? Down-regulation?

Answer 10

Up-regulation=Target cells form more receptors in response to rising blood levels.

Down-regulation = Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations desensitizes the target cells, so they respond less vigorously.

Question 11

How does the hormones produced by the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 11

Hypophyseal portal system

Question 12

What is the most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations?

Answer 12

Aldosterone

Question 13

What are the three categories of endocrine gland stimuli?

Answer 13

Hormonal
Humoral &
Neural

Question 14

How does alcohol affect ADH?

Answer 14

Inhibits ADH secretion. Causing copious urine output

Question 15

Why is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland not considered a true endocrine gland?

Answer 15

Only stores hormones released by the hypothalamus. Is a hormone storage area

Question 16

What organs are affected by the thyroid hormones?

Answer 16

Anything dealing with the digestive system. Doesn’t affect adult brain, spleen, testes, ovaries, and thyroid gland itself

Question 17

What gland helps in normal development of the immune system?

Answer 17

Thymus gland

Question 18

How does the parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

Answer 18

Targets bone, breaks bone down so calcium is released

Question 19

What secretes leptin?

Answer 19

Adipose tissue

Question 20

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 20

Increase sodium reabsorption to get water back into the bloodstream. Released from mineralocorticoids of adrenal cortex

Question 21

What is the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone dependent on?

Answer 21

Presence of receptors on cells of target tissue

Question 22

What organ or gland produces corticoids?

Answer 22

Adrenal gland

Question 23

What gland may influence our night/day cycle?

Answer 23

Pineal gland

Question 24

What hormonal dysfunction may cause a woman to show some male-like characteristics?

Answer 24

Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids

Question 25

What is the result of hypersecretion of GH?

Answer 25

Adults - acromegaly | Children - gigantism

Question 26

The adenohypophysis will release what hormone in response to stress?

Answer 26

ACTH

Question 27

What gland decreases in size as we age?

Answer 27

Thymus gland

Question 28

What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines?

Answer 28

Autocrines - Targets cell that manufactures them (auto-self) Paracrines - Targets cells surrounding them

Question 29

What hormone does the alpha islet cells produce?

Answer 29

Glucagon

Question 30

How is the heart involved as an endocrine organ?

Answer 30

Produces ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) to regulate salt output of kidneys

Question 31

What are some symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 31

``` High glucose levels Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia (Will list symptoms for question) ```

Question 32

What are the effects of prolactin release?

Answer 32

Milk production by the breasts

Question 33

What are some treatments and care techniques for Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 33

Removal of the cause - surgical removal of offending tumor or discontinuation of the drug. Keep sick people away - protect from infection

Question 34

What would happen if catecholemines are hypersecreted? What could cause this hypersecretion?

Answer 34

Sweating, increased heartbeat, hyperglycemia | Cause - tumor

Question 35

What could cause Addison's disease?

Answer 35

``` Hypersecretion of aldosterone Symptoms: • bronzing of the skin • low body weight • low glucose • dehydration ```