Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLST128: Physiology II > Ch. 4 + 18 Intercellular Communication & General Principles of Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

Ch. 4 + 18 Intercellular Communication & General Principles of Hormonal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular control

A
  • communication within cells of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Example of intracellular communication

A
  • synthesis of neurotransmitters need communication between rough ER, smooth ER, ribosomes, ect.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intercellular / Extracellular Control

A
  • communication between the cells of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Example of intercellular communication

A

release of ACTH during stress causes the release of cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

intercellular communication is also known as

A

extracellular communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

types of intercellular communication

A
  • direct
  • indirect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

direct intercellular communication

A
  • Gap junctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Indirect Intercellular (between -extra -) chemical messangers

A
  • paracrine
  • neurotransmitter secretion
  • hormonal secretion
  • neurohormone secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Example of intercellular communication through gap junctions

A
  • phagocytes recognize and destroy bacteria and invaders (phagocytosis)
  • antibodies “marked” bacteria as foreigners to destroy them (Antigen-antibody interaction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intercellular communication through gap junctions does not involve

A

ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intercellular communication through Gap junction is achieved through

A

signalling molecules on the surface of the cells
- posses identifying markers on cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intercellular communication through Gap junctions is an ________ way of communication

A

intimate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Process of indirect intercellular communication

A

stimuli –> specific cells of the body –> sp. chemicals –> ECF –> Sp. chemical possess ligand –> bind/ interact with receptors on the target cell –> responce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Paracrine signals

A
  • local chemical messenger exerts their effects on the nighboring cells in an immediate environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Paracrine signals are spread through

A

diffusion and act at a short distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Paracrine signals acts

A

at a short distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

do Paracrine signals enter the blood

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Example of paracrine signal

A

Histamine
- causes vasodilation of the neighbouring blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

short range chemical messangers
- diffuse across narrow space to act locally on adjoining target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

process of neurotransmitters

A

electrical signal –> nerve cell –> neurotransmitter –> ECF –> affects adjoining target cells (muscle, gland or neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

neurotransmitters are _____ range chemical messangers

A

short range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the short range chemical messangers

A
  • paracrine signals
  • neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hormones are _____ range chemical messangers

A

long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hormones are secreted into the blood by

A

endocrine glands in response to an appropriate signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Examples of hormones

A

GH only binds to muscles and bones in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hormones effect

A

a specific target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hormone secretion process

A

signal / stimuli –> endocrine gland –> hormone –> blood –> target gland –> receptors –> response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Neurohormones are released into the blood by

A

neurosecretory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Examples of neurohormones

A
  • ADH
  • oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

signal transduction

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Process of chemical messangers action on target cells

A

endocrine cells –> first (extracellular) chemical messanger –> blood –> target cells –> receptors–> responds by:
1. closing / opening specific channels in the membrane
2. Second messangers (turn on biochemical events in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

examples of second messangers

A
  1. cAMP
  2. Ca 2+ - PIP2
  3. cGMP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

First messangers

A
  • extracellular chemical messanger binds to receptor
  • open of close the specific channels to regulate the movement of a particular ion in and out of the cell
    OR
  • transfer extracellular messenger to the second messenger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

G protein is known as

A

a middle man

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Example of cyclic AMP second messenger system

A

synthesis of estrogen in the ovary by Luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Functions of cAMP

A
  • modification of heart rate
  • formation of female sex hormone in the ovaries
  • breakdown of stored glucose in the liver
  • reception of a sweet taste by a taste bud
  • conservation of water during urine formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

cGMP serves a a second messanger in a system _________ to the cAMP system

A

analogous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Example of cGMP

A
  • the signal transduction pathway involved in vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

aldostrone

A
  • regulates metabolism, h2o, and electrolyte balance by acting on the kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

cortisol

A

helps the body cope in stressful situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

GH

A

promotes growth and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

FSH and LH

A

controls reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

erythropoiethin

A

regulates blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Gastrin, CCK

A

digestion and absorption of food in GI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

peptides and protein hormones are made up of

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Hormones secreted by which 10 glands are peptide

A
  1. hypothalmus
  2. ant. and post. pituitary
  3. pancrease
  4. parathyroid
  5. GI
  6. kidneys
  7. liver
  8. thryroid
  9. heart
  10. thymus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

ACTH stimulates

A

the adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

MSH stimulates

A

melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Once stimulated by ACTH the adrenal glands release

A

cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are melanocytes responsible for

A

skin color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

b-Endorphin

A
  • analgesic
  • pain releif
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Pre-promelanocortin hormones

A
  • ACTH
  • MSH
    -B-Endorphin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Steriod hormones includes hormones secreted by the

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • gonads
  • placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Steriod hormones are derivatives of

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

are steriod hormones stored in the cell

A

no they are released immediatly into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Steriod hormones undergo _________ in the blood or in other organs

A

interconversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

example of interconversion

A

progesterone becomes cortisol and aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

exampels of hormones deprived from cholesterol

A
  • progesterone
  • dehydroepiandrosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

dehydroepiandrosterone id a precursor for

A
  • testosterone
  • estradiol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Amines / catecholamines are deprived from

A

the amino acid tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Amines / Catecholamines include hormones secreted by

A

the thyroid and adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Are enzyme sythesizing Amines / Catecholamines located

A

in cell organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

peptides solubility

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Catecholamines solubility

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

thyroid hormones solubility

A

lipophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

steroid hormones solubility

A

lipophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

peptide hormones structure

A

chains of specific amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Catecholamines structure

A

tryosine derivative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

thyroid hormone structure

A

iodinated tryosine derivative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

steriod hormone structure

A

cholesterole derivaitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

peptides synthesis

A
  • in rough ER; packaged in the golgi complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

catecholamines synthesis

A

in cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

thyroid hormone synthesis

A

in colloid, and inland extracellular site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

steriods synthesis

A

stepwise modification of cholesterol molecule in various intracellular compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

peptide storage

A

large amounts in secretory granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

catecholaminesstorage

A

in chromaffin granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

thyroid hormones storage

A

in colloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

steriod hormones storage

A

not stored; cholesterol precursor stored in lipid droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

peptides secretion

A

exocytosis of granules

80
Q

catecholamines secretion

A

exocytosis of granules

81
Q

thyroid hormone secretion

A

endocytosis of colloid

82
Q

steroid hormone secretion

A

simple diffusion

83
Q

how are peptides transported in the blood

A

as a free hormone

84
Q

how are catecholamines transported in the blood

A

half bound to plasma proteins

85
Q

how are thyroid hormones transported in the blood

A

mostly bound to plasma proteins

86
Q

how are steriods transported in the blood

A

mostly bound to plasma proteins

87
Q

peptides receptor sites are located

A

surface of the target cell

88
Q

catecholamine receptor sites are located

A

surface of the target cell

89
Q

thyroid hormone receptor site is located

A

inside the target cell

90
Q

steriod receptor site is located

A

inside target cell

91
Q

peptides mechanisms of action

A
  • channel changes or activation of second messanger system to alter the acitivy of target proteins that produce the effect
92
Q

catecholamine mechanisms of action

A

activation of second messanger system to alter activity of target proteins that produce the effect

93
Q

thryroid hormone mechanisms of action

A

activation of a specific genes to make new proteins that produce the effect

94
Q

steriod mechanisms of action

A

activation of specific genes to make new proteins to produce the effects

95
Q

peptides hormones of this type

A

majority of hormones

96
Q

catecholamine hormones of this type

A

only hormones from the adrenal medulla

97
Q
A
98
Q

thyroid hormone of this type

A

only hormones from the thyroid follicular cells

99
Q

steriod hormones of this type

A

hormones from the adrenal cortex and gonads

100
Q

What are the three ways hormes can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell

A
  1. permissiveness
  2. synergism
  3. antagonism
101
Q

permissivness

A
  • one hormone must be present in adequate amounts
  • one hormone enhances the reponsiveness of another hormone at the target gland
102
Q

example of permissiveness

A

thyroid hormone increases receptors for epinephrines target cells (cardiac muscle cells)

103
Q

Synergism

A
  • actions of more than one hormone are COMPLEMENTARY
  • combined effect is greater than the sum of theri seperate effects
104
Q

synergism example

A
  • FSH and testosterone on testes are required to maintain sperm production
105
Q

Antagonsim

A
  • one hormone causes th eloss of another hormones receptors, reducing the effectiveness of the second hormone
106
Q

Antagonism example

A

progesterone inhibits the action of estrogen (reducing the receptors) on uterine muscles to prevent miscarriage during pregnancy

107
Q

plasma concentration of active hormone depends on

A
  • hormones rate of secretion into the blood by endocrine glands
  • extent it binds to plasma proteins
  • rate of removal from the blood by inactivation or excretion
  • avaliability and sensativity of target cell’s receptors for the hormone
108
Q

inputs that control homrone secretion

A
  • plasma concentration of active hormone
  • bu other hormones (negative feedback)
  • neuronal control (ANS)
109
Q

Dinural Rhythm

A
  • time of day effects the amount of hormone synthesized
110
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • GH
  • PRL
  • LH & FSH
111
Q

what are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

A
  • Vasporessin / ADH
  • Oxytocin
112
Q

the hypothalmus is known as the

A

neural control center

113
Q

where are ADH and oxytocin made

A

hypothalmus

114
Q

the anterior pituitary gland

A

directly synthesiszes hormone

115
Q

the posterior pituitary gland

A

store hormones

116
Q

what are is the target cells of hormones secreted by the hyopthalmus

A

anterior pituitary

117
Q

what are the functions of the hormones released by the hypothalamus

A

controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones

118
Q

what is the target cells of vasopressin

A
  • kidney tubules
  • arterioles
119
Q

function of vasopressin

A

increases h2o reabsorption (kindneys)
produces vasoconstriction (arterioles)

120
Q

what are the target cells of oxytocin

A
  • uterus
  • mammary glands
121
Q

what are the function of oxytocin

A
  • increases contractility (uterus)
  • causes mild ejection (mammary glands)
122
Q

TSH target cell

A

thryroid follicular cells

123
Q

function of TSH

A

stimulates T3 and T4 secretion

124
Q

ACTH target cell

A

adernal cortex

125
Q

ACTH function

A
  • stimulates cortisol secretion
126
Q

GH target tissue

A
  • bone; soft tissues
  • liver
127
Q

GH function

A
  • stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues
  • metabolic effects (protein anabolism, fat mobilization, and glucose conservation)
  • stimulates somatomedin secretion
128
Q

FSH target cell in females

A

ovarian follicles

129
Q

FSH target cell in males

A

seminiferous tubules in testes

130
Q

FSH function in females

A

promotes follicular growth and development
- stimulates estrogen secretion

131
Q

FSH function in males

A

stimulates sperm production

132
Q

LH target cell in females

A

ovarian follicles and corpus luteum

133
Q

target cells in males

A

intersticial cells in testes

134
Q

LH function in females

A

stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum development, and estrogen and progesterone secretion

135
Q

LH function in males

A

stimulates testosterone secretion

136
Q

Prolactin target cell

A

mammary glands

137
Q

prolactin function

A
  • promotes breast development
  • stimulates milk secretion
138
Q

melatonin target cell

A

brain; anterior pituitary; reproductive organs; immune system

139
Q

melatonin functions

A

bodys biological rhythm
- inhibits gonadotropins

140
Q

where is melatonin secreted by

A

pineal gland

141
Q

what does the thyroid gland secrete

A

T4 and T3

142
Q

T3 and T4 target cell

A

most cells

143
Q

T3 and T4 function

A

increases the metabolic rate
- essential for normal growth and development

144
Q

Thyroid cell C cells secrete

A

calcitonin

145
Q

calcintoin target cell

A

bone

146
Q

function of calcitonin

A

decreases plasma CA2+ concentration

147
Q

Adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) secretes

A

aldosterone

148
Q

aldosterone target cell

A

kidney tubules

149
Q

aldosterone function

A

increases NA+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

150
Q

Adrenal cortex (zona faciculata and zona reticularis) secretes

A

cortisol
androgens

151
Q

cortisol target cell

A

most cells

152
Q

cortisol function

A

increases blood glucose at the expense of protein and fat stores; contributes to stress adaption

153
Q

androgens target cells in females

A

bone and brain

154
Q

androgen function in females

A
  • prubertal growth spurt and sex drive in females
155
Q

the adrenal medualla secretes

A

epinephrine and noreepinephrine

156
Q

epinephrine and norepinerprine target cells

A

sympathetic receptor sites throughout the body

157
Q

epineprine and norepinerine function

A
  • reinforces sympathic nervous system
  • contributes to stress adaptation and blood rpessure regulation
158
Q

what hormones does the pancrease (ilslets of langerhans) secrete

A
  • Insulin (b cells)
  • Glucagon (a cells)
  • somatostatin (D cells)
159
Q

insulin target cells

A

most cells

160
Q

glucagon target cells

A

most cells

161
Q

insulin function

A
  • promotes cellular uptake, use and storage of absorbed nutrients
  • stores glucose as glycogen in the liver
162
Q

glucagon fuction

A
  • important in maintaining nutrient levels in blood during postabsorption state
163
Q

Somatostatin target cell

A

digestive cells
pancretic islet cells

164
Q

somatostatin

A
  • inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients
  • inhibits secretion of all pancretic hormones
165
Q

PTH target cell

A

bone, kidneys, intestine

166
Q

PTH function

A

increases CA2+ concentration

167
Q

estrogen function

A
  • promotes follicular development; governs development of secondary sexual characteristics; stimulates uterine and breast growth
  • promotes closure of epiphyseal plate
168
Q

estrogen target cells

A
  • female sex organs
  • bone
169
Q

progesterone target cell

A

uterus

170
Q

progesterone function

A

prepares for pregnacy

171
Q

testosterone target cell

A

male sex organ
bone

172
Q

testosterone function

A
  • stimulates sperm production; governs developmetn of secondary sex characteristics; promotes sex drive
  • enhances pubertal spurt; promotes closure of epiphyseal plate
173
Q

inhin target cell

A

anterior pituitary

174
Q

inhibin is secreted by

A

ovaries and testes

175
Q

inhibin fuction

A

inhibits secretion of follicle stimulating hormone

176
Q

renin stimulates

A

aldosterone secretion

177
Q

renin target cell

A

adrenal cortex

178
Q

what hormones does the kidneys secrete

A

renin
erythropoietin

179
Q

erythropoietin target cell

A

bone marrow

180
Q

erythropoietin function

A

stimulate RBC production

181
Q

thymosin is secreted by

A

thymus

182
Q

thymosin target cell

A

t lymphocytes

183
Q

thymosin function

A

enhances T lymphocyte proliferation and function

184
Q

how to identify is a hormone is relased from the hypothalmus

A

releasing hormone

185
Q

how to identify is a hormone is relased by the anterior pituitary gland

A

stimulating hormone

186
Q

synthesis of peptide hormones

A

preprohormone systhesized by golgi, RER, SER released into the blood –>then becomes prohormone (activated hormone) when secreted into the blood

187
Q

how many hypophysiotropic hormones are there

A

7

188
Q

hypophysiotropic hormones

A
  • control if the secretion of each pituitary hormone is stimulated or inhibited
189
Q

TRH

A

sitmulates the release of TSH and prolactin

190
Q

CRH

A

stimulates the release of ACTH

191
Q

GnRH

A

stimulates the release of FSH and LH

192
Q

GHRH

A

stimulates release of growth hormone

193
Q

GHIH

A

inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH

194
Q

PRH

A

stimulates the release of prolactin

195
Q

PIH

A

inhibits release of prolactin

HLST128: Physiology II (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions