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HLST128: Physiology II > Chapter 14: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

the kidneys are primarily responsible for

A
  • maintaining the stability of the ECF volume
  • water and electrolyte composition
  • blood pressure
  • osmolarity
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2
Q

kidneys are the main route for

A
  • eliminating potentially harmful substances
  • metabolic wastes
  • foreign compounds in the body
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3
Q

the outer surface of the kidney is called

A

the renal cortex

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4
Q

the inner surface of the kidney is called

A

renal medulla

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5
Q

function of the ureters

A

carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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6
Q

function of the urinary bladder

A
  • temporarily stores urine
  • excretion
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7
Q

urethra function

A
  • provides route for eliminating urine from the bladder
  • provides a route for semen in males
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8
Q

in which gender is the urethra longer

A

males

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9
Q

how many nephrons are there in a kidney

A

1 million

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10
Q

the renal medulla is made up of

A

striated triangles called renal pyramids

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11
Q

what structures are apart of the vascular component

A
  • afferent arteriole
  • glomerulus
  • efferent arteriole
  • peritubular cappilaries
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12
Q

afferent arteriole

A

carries blood to the glomerolus

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13
Q

glomerulus

A

a tuft of capillaries that filters a protein free plasma into the tubular component

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14
Q

efferent arteriole

A

carries filtered blood from the glomerulus

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15
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

supply the renal tissue; involved in exchange within the fluid in the tubular lumen

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16
Q

what structures are apart of the tubular component

A
  • bowmans capsule
  • proximal tubule
  • loop of henle
  • distal tubule and collecting duct
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17
Q

bowmans capsule

A
  • collects the glomerolar filtrate
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18
Q

proximal tubule

A

uncontrolled reabsortion and secretion of selected substances occur here

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19
Q

loop of henle

A

establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla that is important in the kidneys ability to produce urine of varying concentrations

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20
Q

distal tubule and collecting duct

A
  • variable, controlled reabsorption of sodium and water, and secretion of potassium and hydrogen occur here
  • fluid leaving thr collecting duct is urine which enters the renal pelvis
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21
Q

what structure is apart of the combined tubular/vascular component

A
  • Juxtaglomerular apparatus
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22
Q

Juxaglomerular apperatus

A

produces substances involved in the control of kidney function

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23
Q

cortical nephrons

A
  • lie in the outer layer of the cortex
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24
Q

what percentage of nephrons are cortical

A

80

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25
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • lie in the inner layer of the cortex
  • performs most urine concentrations
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26
Q

glomerular filtration

A

filtrate protein free plasma

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27
Q

what structures are involved in glomerular filtration

A
  • glomerulus
  • bowmans capsule
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28
Q

tubular reabsorption

A
  • absorbs nutrients, ions, and electrolyte
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29
Q

what structures are involved in tubular secretion

A
  • kidney tubules
  • peritubular capillaries
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30
Q

tubular secretion

A
  • movement of non filtered substances
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31
Q

structures involved in tubular secretion

A
  • peritubular capillaries
  • kidney tubules
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32
Q

glomerular capillary wall

A
  • a single layer of endothelial cells
  • more permeable to water and solutes than capillaries elsewhere in the body
  • filtration
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33
Q

basement membrane

A
  • acellular gelatinous layer
  • composed of collagen and glycoproteins (discourage filtration of small proteins)
  • do not filter plasma proteins
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34
Q

inner layer of the bowmans capsule is made up of

A

podocytes foot processes that encircle the glomerolar tuft
- connective tissue

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35
Q

what are the barriers to the substances that are filtered

A
  • endothelial cells
  • basement membrane
  • podocyte foot proceeses with filtration slips
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36
Q

what do podocytes contain

A

filtration slips

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37
Q

which structure within the glomerolus discourages that plasma protein filtration

A

basement membrane

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38
Q

pressure excreted by the blood within the glomerular capillaries depends on (3 things)

A
  • contration of the heart
  • resistance to blood flow offered by afferent and efferent arterioles
  • the smaller diameter of the efferent arteriole
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39
Q

what is the major force producing glomerular filtration

A

Glomerular capillary blood pressure

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40
Q

Glomerular capillary blood pressure effect

A

favours filtration

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41
Q

Glomerular capillary blood pressure magnitude

A

55

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42
Q

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure is caused by

A

the unequal distribution of plasma proteins across the glomerular membrane (by osmosis)

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43
Q

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure effect

A

opposes filtration

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44
Q

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure magnitude

A

30

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45
Q

the pressure excreted by fluid in the initial part of the tubule

A

Bowmans Capsule Hydrostatic pressure

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46
Q

Bowmans Capsule Hydrostatic pressure effect

A

opposes filtration

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47
Q

Bowmans Capsule Hydrostatic pressure magnitude

A

15

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48
Q

Differnece between force favouring filtration and forces opposing filtration

A

Net filtration pressure

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49
Q

Net filtration pressure effect

A

favours filtration

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50
Q

Net filtration pressure magnitude

A

10

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51
Q

How to calculate glomerular filtration rate

A

Glomerular capillary blood pressure - (plasma colloid pressure + bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure)

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52
Q

Glomerular filtration rate depends on (3 things)

A
  • net filtration pressure
  • glomerular surface area avaliable for penetration
  • permeable golmerolar membrane
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53
Q

GFR in males

A

125ml/min

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54
Q

GFR females

A

115ml/min

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55
Q

When the plasma colloid pressure and Bowmans Capsule hydrostatic pressure is constant, the glomerular capillary goes up, and the net filtration pressure increases what is the effect of the GFR

A

increases

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56
Q

effect of increasing the arterial blood pressure on GFR

A

increases GFR

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57
Q

what are the two mechanisms that control GFR

A
  • auto regulation
  • Extrinsic sympathetic NS
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58
Q

autoregulation

A

prevents spontaneous changes in GFR
- myogenic mechanism (effects smooth muscles)
- tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF)

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59
Q

Extrinsic sympathetic control

A
  • regulates long term blood pressure regulation
  • mediated by the sympathetic nervous system input to the afferent arterioles
  • baroreceptor reflex
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60
Q

mechanisms effect on GFR

A
  • regulates caliber / diameter
  • resistance in the afferent arterioles
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61
Q

vasoconstriction in the afferent arterioles effect on GFR

A

decreases GFR

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62
Q

vasodilation in the afferent arterioles effect on the GFR

A

increase GFR

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63
Q

smooth muscle cells within the wall of the afferent arteriole contains

A

granular cells

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64
Q

specialized tubular cells in the juxtaglomerular region contains

A

macula densa cells

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65
Q

function of the macula densa cells

A

converts ATP to adenosine

66
Q

effect of adenosine on the afferent arterioles

A

vasodilates them, increasing the GFR

67
Q

extrinsic control of the GFR is perpetrated by

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • baroreceptors
  • filtration coefficent
68
Q

paprasympathic effect on kidneys

A

there is no parasympathetic effect on the kidneys

69
Q

which mechanisms is stronger

A

extrinsic controls can override the auto regulatory responses

70
Q

where are the barorecpetors located

A
  • aprtic arch
  • carotid sinus
71
Q

decreased GFR effect on urine production

A

decreases urine production

72
Q

reduced urine output effect on GFR

A

decreases

73
Q

the rate of glomerular filtration depends on,

A
  • filtration coefficent
  • net filtration pressure
74
Q

the KF depends on

A
  • surface area
  • the permeability of the glomerular membrane
75
Q

what determines the permeability of the glomerular membrane

A
  • the number of flitration slips in the podocytes open
76
Q

purpose of tubular reabsorption

A

maintain the proper composition & volume of the ECF

77
Q

the tubules have a ____ _______ ______. for substances needed by the body

A

high absorpative capacity

78
Q

excess amounts of essential electrolytes are

A

excreted in the urine

79
Q

the rate at which substances are reabsorbed depends upon

A
  • deficency
  • absorbative capacity
80
Q

tubular reabsorption involves ________ transport

A

transepithelial

81
Q

what is the sequence of transepithelial transport in tubular reabsorption

A
  1. luminal cell membrane
  2. the cytosol
  3. the basolateral cell membrane
  4. the interstitial fluid
  5. the peritubular capillary wall
82
Q

what is the sequence of transepithelial transport in tubular secretion

A
  1. the peritubular capillary wall
  2. the interstitial fluid
  3. the basolateral cell membrane
  4. the cytosol
  5. the luminal cell membrane
83
Q

ways of transport

A
  • active
  • passive
84
Q

passive transport

A
  • no energy required
  • substances move down the electrochemical and osmotic gradients
84
Q

active transport

A
  • requires ATP use
  • substances move against the electrochemical gradient
84
Q

examples of active transport

A
  • glucose
  • Na / K
  • Cl
  • electrolytes
  • PO4/3
85
Q

average percentage of filtered water reabsorbed

A

99

86
Q

average percentage of sodium reabsorbed

A

99.5

87
Q

average percentage of glucose reabsorbed

A

100

88
Q

average percentage of urea reabsorbed

A

50

89
Q

average percentage of phenol reabsorbed

A

0

90
Q

average percentage of filtered water excreted

A

1

91
Q

average percentage of filtered sodium excreted

A

0.5

92
Q

average percentage of glucose excreted

A

0

93
Q

avergae percentage of filtered urea excreted

A

50

94
Q

average percentage of filtered phenol excreted

A

100

95
Q

phenol is a _____

A

toxin

96
Q

what percentage of Na si reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

67

97
Q

proximal tubule plays a role in reabsorbing

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • h2o
  • cl
  • urea
98
Q

percentage of Na reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

25

99
Q

the ascending loop of henle plays a critical role in the kidneys ability to

A

produce urine of varying concentration

100
Q

percentage of Na reabsorbed in the distal and collecting tubules

A

8

101
Q

what part of the kidney is effected by ADH during dehydration

A

distal and collecting tubules

102
Q

of the total energy spent by the kidneys what percentage is used for Na transportation

A

80

103
Q

glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by which part of the nephron

A

proximal tubules

104
Q

how are amino acids and glucose reabsorbed

A

co-transport carrier molecules

105
Q

filtered load of glucose

A

quantity of any substance filtered per minute

106
Q

what is the normal plasma concentration of glucose

A

100mg/100ml

107
Q

formula for filtered load

A

plamsa concentration x GFR

108
Q

at constant GFR, the filtered load of glucose is __________ proportional to the plasma glucose concentration

A

directly

109
Q

what is the tubular maximum for glucose

A

375mg/min

110
Q

what happens if the glucose level is above the TM

A
  1. TM will exceed 375
  2. plasma glucose concetration must not exceed more than 375
  3. spill into the urine
111
Q

TM

A
  • when the moximum reabsorption rate is reached, and when all carriers specific for a particular substance is fully occupied, they cannot handle any additional glucose at this time, this is TM
112
Q

what is one of the first characteristics identified in a patient with sever renal failure

A

elevated urea

113
Q

TS provides

A

a socond route of entery to the tubule for selected substance

114
Q

tubular secretion includes

A
  • h
  • k
  • organic ions and cation
115
Q

H

A

important in regulating the acid base balance
- secreted in the proximal, distal, and collecting tubules

116
Q

k

A
  • keeps the plasma concentration at an approprite level to maintain the normal membrane excitability in the muscles and nerves
  • secreted only in the distal and collecting tubules under the control of aldosterone
117
Q

organic ions

A
  • accomplish more efficent elimination of foreign organic compounds from the body
  • secreted only in the proximal tubule
118
Q

h is secreted in

A
  • proximal, distal and collectign tubules
119
Q

k is secreted in

A

the distal and collecting tubules under the control of aldosterone

120
Q

organic ions is secreted in

A

the proximal tubule

121
Q

decrease in na / ECF volume / decreased arterial blood pressure

A

Activates RAAS
casues an increase in renin –> increased angiotension I –> concerts to angiotension II –>stimulates aldosterone

122
Q

effect of aldosterone

A
  • increases tubular k secretion (increased urinary k excretion)
  • increased tubular Na reabsorption (decreased urinary Na excretion)
123
Q

plasma clearance

A

the volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance / min
OR
the plasma volume completetely cleared of the substance ny kidney/min

124
Q

plasma clearance ecpresses

A

the kidneys effectiveness in removing substances from the internal fluid enviorment

125
Q

what percentage of insulin is excreted

A

100

126
Q

what percentage of of urea is excreted

A

50

127
Q

what percentage of glucose is excreted

A

0

128
Q

what percentage of h are excreted

A

100

129
Q

plasma clearance formula

A

urine concentration x urine flow rate

130
Q

what are three diuretic substances

A
  1. ANP
  2. Alcohol
  3. coffee
131
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide
where is it secreted?
when is it secreted?

A
  • hormone secreted by the atria
  • secreted is responce to increased salt, increased volume, or increased artrial pressure
132
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide effects

A
  • decreased sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules (increased sodium and water excretion in the urine)
  • decreased salt conserving renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (increased sodium and water excretion in the urine)
  • smooth muscle of afferent arterioles vasodilation (increases GFR)
  • sympathetic nervous system, decreases CO and TPR (decreases arterial blood pressure)
133
Q

Isotonic

A

solute concentration is equal to the water concentration

134
Q

hypotonic

A

if too much water is present than the solute load, the body fluid is said to be hypotonic / diluted

135
Q

hypertonic

A

if less water is present than the solute load, the body fluid is too concentrated

136
Q

what part of the nephron is involved in the formation of concentrated or diluted urine

A

loop of henle

137
Q

decending loop of henle is only permeable to ______

A

water

138
Q

what is the result of the filtrate once it is filtered through the descending loop of henle

A
  • highly concentrated urine
  • hypertonic solution
139
Q

ascending loop of henle is only permeable to ______

A

salt
- impermeable to water

140
Q

vasopressin is present during

A

dehydration

141
Q

the countercurrent multiplication mechanism is established by the

A

medullary vertical osmotic gradient

142
Q

countercurrent multiplication

A

the passive exchange of solutes and water between the two limbs of the loop of henle

143
Q

obligatory is located in the

A

proximal tubule

144
Q

secretion of vasopressin ______ cells permeability to water

A

increases

145
Q

vasopressin runs on a _______ feedback loop

A

negative

146
Q

what are the four functions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A
  1. aldosterone increases reabsorption in the distal and collecting tubules
  2. promotes salt retention and resultant water retention and elevation of arterial blood pressure
  3. angiotension -II is a potent constrictor of the systemic arterioles, thus increasing blood pressure and peripheral resistance
  4. stimulates thirst and vasopressin release
147
Q

angiotensinogen is secreted by the

A

liver

148
Q

renin is secreted by the

A

kidneys

149
Q

angitotensin-I converts to angiotension-II through what enzyme

A

angiotension converting enzyme

150
Q

angiotension converting enzyme is secreted by the

A

lungs

151
Q

the adrenal cortex is responsible for

A
  • aldosterone
  • thirst
152
Q

angiotensin II causes the secretion of ______ form the _______

A

vasopressin / ADH
posterior pituitary

153
Q

ADH is produced by the

A

hypothalmus

154
Q

functions of angiotensin II

A
  • cause the release of vasopressin
  • stimulates thirst
  • responsible for arteriolar vasoconstriction
155
Q

the bladder is guarded by

A

two sphincters
- internal
- external

156
Q

micturition 2 types of control

A
  • reflex control
  • voluntary control
157
Q

external urethral spinchter opens when

A

motor neuron in INHIBITED

158
Q

external urethral sphincter closes when

A

motor neuron is STIMULATED

HLST128: Physiology II (14 decks)

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