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HLST128: Physiology II > Chapter 6: Endocrine Control of Metabolism & Diabetes > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Endocrine Control of Metabolism & Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

feul metabolism

A

chemical reactions that occur within the cells

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2
Q

Intermediary metabolism

A

reactions involve the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of protein, carbohydrates, and fats

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3
Q

proteins are converted into

A

amino acids

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4
Q

CHO is converted to

A

monosaccarides (glucose)

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5
Q

Triglycerides are converted to

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides

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6
Q

what are the absorbable units

A
  • monoglycerideds
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
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7
Q

glucose and amino acids are transported via

A

blood

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8
Q

fatty acids are transported via

A

lymph

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9
Q

metabolism

A
  • all chemical reactions occurring within the cells of the body
  • involve degration, synthesis, and transformation reactions
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10
Q

Anabolsim

A
  • builder larger organic macromolecules from smaller molecular subunits
  • requires ATP
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11
Q

example of anabolism

A

6H2O + 6CO2 –> C6H12O6

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12
Q

Catabolism

A
  • degration of the large energy rich organic molecules within the cells
  • uses hydrolysis
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13
Q

catabolism reaction

A

C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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14
Q

glycogenesis

A

Glucose –> glycogen
- decreases blood glucose

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15
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen –> glucose
- increases blood glucose

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16
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Amino acids –> glucose
- increases blood glucose

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17
Q

protein synthesis

A

Amino acids –> protein
- decreases blood amino acids

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18
Q

Fat synthesis (Lipogenesis or triglyceride synthesis)

A

Fatty acids and glycerol –> triglycerides
- increases blood fatty acids

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19
Q

protein degration

A

protein –> amino acids
- increases blood amino acids

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20
Q

Fat breakdown (Lipolysis or triglyceride degradation)

A

Triglycerides –> fatty acids and glycerol
- increases blood fatty acids

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21
Q

how are amino acids stored

A

body proteins (muscle)

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22
Q

how is glucose stored

A

as glycogen in the liver and muscle

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23
Q

how are fatty acids stored

A

in adipose tissue

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24
Q

excess amino acids are excreted through

A
  • the urea
  • used as metabolic fuel
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25
Q

excess glucose is excreted through

A
  • metabolic fuel
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26
Q

excess fatty acids are excreted through

A

metabolic fuel

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27
Q

absorptive / fed state

A
  • metabolic fuels are stored
  • nutrients are absorbed into the lumen
  • glucose is a MAJOR nutrient and severs and the bodys major energy source (plentiful as serves as major energy source)
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28
Q

post absorptive state / fasting state

A
  • metabolic fuels (endogenous energy stores) are mobilized to provide energy to the brain
  • glycogenolysis and glucose sparing
  • synthesis of proteins and fats are inhibited
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29
Q

liver

A
  • primary role in maintaining normal blood glusoe levels
  • principle state for metabolic interconversion
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30
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  • primary energy storage site
  • important in regulating fatty acid levels in the blood
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31
Q

Muscle

A
  • primary site of amino acid storage
  • major energy user
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32
Q

brain

A
  • normally can only use glycogen as an energy source
  • does not store glycogen (mandatory glucose levels must be maintained)
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33
Q

triglyceride conversion to glucose

A

triglyceride –> hydrolysis –> glycerol –> glucose

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34
Q

how is lacitic acid made

A

Glycolysis –> incomplete catabolism –> glucose –> muscle –> lacitic acid

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35
Q

ketone bodies

A
  • produced by the liver during lgucose sparing
  • serve as an alternate energy source for tissue and produced through the citric acid cycle
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36
Q

when does the body use ketones as their major energy source

A

during long term starvation

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37
Q

ketone bodies process

A

liver –> fatty acids –> Acetyl CoA –> ketone bodies –> blood

38
Q

nutrients alon the metabolic pathway are influenced by these 5 hormones

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • cortisol
  • GH
39
Q

insulin and glucagon shift the metabolic pathways in feasting and fasting states to

A

from net anabolism to net catabolism and glucose sparing

40
Q

Pancreas endocrine gland

A

islets of Langerhans

41
Q

pancreas b cells

A

site of insulin synthesis and secretion

42
Q

pancreas A cells

A

produce glucagon

43
Q

Insulin and glucogon

A

are most important in regulating feul metabolism

44
Q

Insulin

A
  • decreases blood glucose
  • promotes cellular reuptake and converts and stores
45
Q

when is insulin secreted

A

when there are high levels of blood glucore

46
Q

Insulin exerts its effects by

A
  • “altering transport” of specific blood borne nutrients to the cell
  • altering the activity of the enzymes involved in specific metabolic pathways
47
Q

Insulin regulates there 6 functions

A
  • Glucose reabsorption from the GI tract
  • transport of glucose into cells
  • hepatic production of glucose
  • urinary excretion of glucose
  • stimulates glycogensis
  • inhibits glycogenolysis (decreases heptic glucose production)
48
Q

Action of insulin

A

inhibits enzymes that covert the amino acids into glucose
promotes reuptake

49
Q

how is glucose transported in the blood

A

glucose transport carrier (GLUT)

50
Q

how many forms of GLUT are there

A

6

51
Q

GLUT-1

A

crosses glucose across the BBB

52
Q

GLUT-2

A

transfers glucose from kidneys and intersticial cells into the bloodstream

53
Q

GLUT-3

A

transfers glucose into neurons

54
Q

GLUT 1 and 3

A

transports glucose to the brain

55
Q

GLUT-4

A
  • present in the plasma membrane of tissues such and skeletal muscles and adipose tissues
56
Q

GLUT 4 is only responsive to

A

insulin
- induces “intracellular vesicles”
- promotes 10-30 fold

57
Q

what tissues do not depend on insulin for glucose uptake

A
  • brain
  • working muscles
  • liver
58
Q

Action of insulin on fats

A

lowers blood fatty acids and promotes their storage as triglycerides
- increases glucose transport through GLUT-4 recruitment
-activates enzymes that catalyze the production of glucose from fatty acids
- inhibits lypolysis

59
Q

action of insulin on proteins

A
  • lower blood amino acid levels and enhances protein synthesis
  • promotes active transport of amino acids from the blood to the muscles and tissues
  • enhances amino acid incorporation into protein by stimulating the cells protein synthesizing machinery
  • inhibits protein degration
60
Q

In case insulin secretion is high

A
  • stimualte biosynthestic pathways to increase CHO, fat, and protein storage
  • lower blood glucose, fatty acid, and amono acid levels
  • insulin level in the blood increases following meals injestions
  • enhances net metabolsim
61
Q

in case insulin secretion is low

A
  • rate of glucose entry into the cells reduced
  • net catabolism occurs rather than the net synthesis og glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins
  • characteristic of post-absorptive state
62
Q

negative feeback between insulin and glucose

A

meal –>pancreas –> b cels –> insulin –> blood –> glucose –> b cells

63
Q

what 4 factors influence insulin

A
  • increase gastrointestinal hormones
  • paraymptatetic stimulation
  • increased blood amino acid concentration
  • sympathetic stimulation (and epinephrine)
64
Q

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) effect

A
  • insulin in a feed forward reaction
  • activates in the presence of CHO rich meal
65
Q

Effect of the parasympathetic NS

A

insulin release

66
Q

effect of sympathetic NS

A

epinephrine release

67
Q

glucagon is secreted by

A

alpha cells of the pancreas

68
Q

what is the major site of action for glucagon

A

liver

69
Q

action of glucagon on CHO

A
  • activates in response to low blood glucose during starvation
  • increases blood glucose levels
70
Q

Action of glucagon on fats

A

acts during low glucose levels during starvation
antagonizes insulin action by:
- promoting the breakdown of fat
- inhibiting triglyceride synthesis
- enhancing heptic ketone productions

71
Q

action of glucagon on proteins

A

acts in response to low blood glucose during starvations
- stimulates gluconeogenesis
- stimulates protein catabolism in the liver
- inhibits heptic protein synthesis and promotes degration of heptic proteins

72
Q

role of epinephrine and cortisol on metabolism

A
  • increases blood glucose and fatty acids
  • during stress, cortisol mobilizes amino acids through protein catabolism
  • during long term starvation, cortisol helps to maintain glucose concentration
73
Q

role of GH on metabolism

A
  • excerts anabolic effects due to its growth promoting effects
  • elevates the blood glucose and fatty acids
  • helps maintain glucose level during starvations
74
Q

during deep sleep, stress, exercise and severe hypoglycaemia what hormone is activated to provide fatty acids as an alternate energy source

A

GH

75
Q

TH effect on metabolism

A
  • increase overall metabolic rate
  • has both catabolic and anabolic effects
76
Q

why is TH NOT important for fuel metabolism

A
  • control of TH secretion is not directed toward maintain nutrient levels in the blood
  • the onset of TH action is too slow to have any significant effect on rapid adjustments required to maintain normal levels of nutrients
77
Q

what is the most common endocrine disorder

A

diabetes

78
Q

acute symptoms of diabetes can be attributes to

A

an inadequate insulin level

79
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A
  • large urine volume
  • thirst
  • polyphagia
  • polyurea
  • fatigue
  • polydipsia
  • dehydration
  • renal and peripheral circulatory failure
80
Q

level of insulin secretion in type I diabetes

A

none or almost none

81
Q

level of insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes

A

may be normal or exceed normal

82
Q

thypical onset of age for type 1 diabetes

A

childhood

83
Q

typical onset of age for type 2 diabetes

A

adulthood

84
Q

what percentage are type 1 diabetics

A

10-20%

85
Q

type 1 diabetes basic defect

A

autoimmune distruction of B cells

86
Q

type 1 diabetes treatment

A

insulin injections; dietary management; excersize

87
Q

what percentage of diabetics of type 2

A

80-90%

88
Q

type 2 diabetes basic defect

A

reduced sensativity of insulin target cells

89
Q

type 2 diabetes treatment

A
  • dietary control and weight reduction
  • excersize
  • sometime oral hypoglycemic drug
90
Q

Review diabetes symptoms chart

A

HLST128: Physiology II (14 decks)

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