Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLST128: Physiology II > Human Reproduction and Female Pregnancy > Flashcards

Human Reproduction and Female Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary reproductive organ in males

A

testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the primary reproductive organ in females

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

reproductive tract

A

the system of specialized ducts that house or transport gametes after they are produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

accessory sex glands

A

empty supportive secretions into the reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

external genitalia

A

externally visable portions of the reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • external characteristics NOT directly involved in reproductions
  • body configuration and hair distribution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

function of the male reproductive systme

A
  • spermatogenesis (production of sperm)
  • delivery of sperm to the female
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the male accessory sex organs

A
  • seminal vessicles
  • proastate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

penis

A

the organ that deposits semen in the female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

male reproductive tract

A

epididymis –> vas deferens –> ejactulatory duct –> urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

function of testes

A
  • produce sperm (seminiferous tubules)
  • secrete testosterone (leydig / interstitial cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

effects of testosterone before birth

A
  • masculaizes the reproductive tract and external genital
  • promotes decent of testes into the scrotum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

effects of testosterone on sex specific tissues after birth

A
  • promotes growth and maturation of the reproductive system at puberty
  • is essential for spermatogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

effects of testosterone on other reproduction-related events

A
  • developes sex drive at puberty
  • control ganadotropin hormone secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

testosterone effects on secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • induces the male pattern of hair growth
  • causes the deepening of the voive because it thicken the vocal cords
  • promotes muscular growth responsible for the male body pattern configuration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effect of testosterone on nonreproductive actions

A
  • exerts protein anabolic effect
  • promotes bone growth at puberty
  • closes the epiphyseal plates after being converted to estrogen by aromatase
  • may induce aggressive behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

spermatogenesis results

A

highly specialized, mobile sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • the complex process by which undifferentiated diploid primordial germ cells (spermatogonia) are converted to haploid spermatozoa (sperm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis

A
  • mitotic proliferation
  • meisos
  • packing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mitotic proliferation

A
  • sperm forming daughter cells divides miotically twice more to form four identical primary spermocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

meiosis

A
  • each spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes yeilding four spermatids after the second meiotic division
  • theoretically, sixteen spermatozoa results from each spermatogonium that goes through the process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spermatozoan remains closely associated with _________ throughout the development

A

Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 4 parts of sperm

A
  • head
  • acrosomes
  • midpeice
  • tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

head

A

consists primarily of the nucleus
- contains DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Acrosomes

A
  • enzyme filled vessicle in the head
  • used to penetrate the ovum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Acrosomes are formed by

A

the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

midpiece

A

the area where mitochondria are concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

tail

A

provides moility for spermatozoan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

semen average volume

A

2.75ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

semen volume range

A

2-6ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

higher volumes of sperm follow period of

A

abstinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the average sperm count

A

180million
- some ejactulation can contain as many as 400million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the sperm count to be considered infertile

A

under 20million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

functions of sertoli cells

A
  • form blood testes barrier
  • provide nurishment
  • phagocytic function (destroy defective sperm)
  • secrete seminiferous tubule fluid (flushes released sperm into epeidydimus for storage)
  • secrete androgen-binding protein (testosterone)
  • site and control of spermatogenesis
  • releases inhibin
  • acts in a negative feedback fashion to regulate FSH secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

epididymus and ductus deferens

A
  • store and concentrate sperm
  • increase sperm motility and fertilily prior to ejactualtion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • supply fructose (energy)
  • supply prostaglandin’s (promote smooth muscle motility in both male and femal reproductive tracts–> enhances sperm transportation)
  • provides more than half of the semen
  • secrete fibrinogen (make sperm clot)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

prostate gland

A
  • secretes alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic vaginal secretions
  • provides clotting enzyme fibrinolysin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Bulbourthral glands

A
  • release lubricating mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

purpose of sexual intercourse

A
  • a union of male and female gametes to produce offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

two compontents of the male sexual act

A
  • erection
  • ejaculation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

erection relies on ____ nervous stimulation

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

ejaculation relies on _____ nervous stimulation

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

erection

A

hardening of the normally flaccid penis to premit entry into the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

two components of ejaculation

A
  • emission phase
  • expulsion phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

emission phase

A

empting of sperm and accesory sex gland secretions (semen) into the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

expulsion phase

A

forceful expulsion of semen from the penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the 4 phases of sexual intercourse

A
  • excitement phase
  • plateau phase
  • orgasmic phase
  • resolution phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

in which phase does steadily increasing heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and muscle tension

A

plateau phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

excitement phase

A

erection and heightened sexual awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

in which phase does return the genitalia and body ssytems to the prearousal state

A

resolution phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

in which phase does ejaculation and other responses that are collectively experienced as intense physical pleasure and heightened emotions

A

orgasmic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In which phase does tactile stimulation of the clitoris and perineal

A

excitement phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

in which phase does heightened tactile stimulation in both females and males

A

plateau phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

in which phase does
initiated by physical or psychological stimuli

A

excitement phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

in which phase does contraction occurs mostly intensely engorged lower third of the vaginal canal

A

orgasmic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

In which phase does
swelling of the labia and erection of the clitoris due to parasympathetically induced vasocongestion; nipples and breasts enlarge

A

excitment phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

in which phase does
release of mucus (bartholin’s gland) during sexual arousal from glands surronding the vagina causes lubrication

Sex flush

A

excitment phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

in which phase does pelvic vasocongestion and systemic manifestations gradually subside

A

resolution phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

in which phase does ballooning effect occurs in which phase

A

plateau

60
Q

ballooning effect

A

the uterus raises upwards, lifting the cervix and enlarging the upper 2/3 of the vagina
- creates a space for ejaculate deposition

61
Q

in which phase is the
time of great physical relaxarion

A

resolution phase

62
Q

orgasmic experience in females is similar to that in males, except

A
  • no female counter part for ejaculation
  • do not become refractory following an orgasm
    -females can experience 12 successive orgasms
63
Q

functions of estrogen

A
  • essential for ovum maturation and release
  • establishment of female secondary sexual characteristics
  • essential for transport of sperm from the vagina to the fertilization site in the oviduct
  • contributed to breast development in anticipation of lactation
64
Q

progesterone functionsin pregnancy

A
  • essential to prepare a suitable environment for nourishing a developing embryo/fetus
  • contributes to the breast ability to produce milk
65
Q

oogonia

A
  • undifferntiated primordial germ cells in fetal ovaries
66
Q

oogonia divide mitotically to give rise to ___________ oogonia by fifth month of gestation

A

6-7 million

67
Q

primary oocytes

A
  • contain diploid number of 46 replicated chromosomes
  • remain in meiotic arrest for years until they are prepared for ovulation
68
Q

primary oocyte is surrounded by

A
  • surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells
69
Q

primary follicle

A

oocyte + granulosa cell

70
Q

if the primary follicle is not developed

A

degenerates to form scar tissue (atresia)

71
Q

What happens to follicles between puberty and menopause

A

follicles develop into secondary (antral) follicles on a cyclic basis

72
Q

under the influence of local paracrines, gransusosa cells proliferate to form

A

zona pellucida

73
Q

thecal cells respond to which hormone

A

LH

74
Q

granulosa cells respond to which hormone

A

FSH

75
Q

how long does the average ovarian cycle last

A

28 days

76
Q

ovarian cycle is interrupted by

A

pregnancy

77
Q

the ovarian cycle consists of what two alternating phases

A
  • follicular
  • luteal
78
Q

follicular phase is dominated by the presence of

A

maturing follicles

79
Q

luteal phase is dominated by the presence of

A

corpus luteum

80
Q

follicular phase takes part in

A

the first half of the cycle

81
Q

theca cells in follicular phase

A

secrete increased amounts of estrogen

82
Q

ovulation

A

during the follicular phase the folicle ruptures to release oocytes from the ovary
- enters the oviduct where it may or may not be fertalized

83
Q

how long does the luteal phase last

A

14 days

84
Q

luteal phase characteristics

A
  • old follicular cells undergo a structural transfermation to form the corpus luteum
  • becomes highly vascularized
  • becomes fully functional after 4-5 days
85
Q

during the follicular phases FSH signals the ovarian follicle to secrete

A

estrogen
- negative feedback (inhibits FSH secretion)

86
Q

when LH rises in the follcular phase it triggers

A

ovulation

87
Q

the corpus luteum secretes what hormone during the luteal phase

A
  • estorgen
  • progesterone
88
Q

progesterone secretion inhibits

A

FSH and LH secretion

89
Q

thecal cells convert

A

closterol to androgen to estrogen

90
Q

what are the 3 phases of the menstral cycle

A
  • menstral phase
  • proliferative phase
  • secretory or progestational phase
91
Q

menstral phase is characterized by

A

the discharge of blood and endometrium from the vagina

92
Q

the start of a new cycle begins

A

on the first day of menstration

93
Q

menstral phases causes the release of what hormone

A

prostaglandin

94
Q

prostaglandin functions in the menstral phase

A
  • causes vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels (disrupts blood supply–> causes death)
  • stimulates mild rhythmic contractions of the unterine myometrium (helps expell blood
95
Q

proliferative Phase

A

LH surge
- endothelium starts to repair itself and proliferate under the influence of estrogen
- lasts from the end of menstration to ovulation

96
Q

Secretory or progestational phase

A
  • enters phase after ovulation when a new corpus luteum is formed
97
Q

what does the corpus leteum serete in the secretory phase of menstration

A

progesterone

98
Q

functions of progesterone in the secretory phase

A
  • converts endothelium into highly vascularized, glycogen filled tissue
  • actively secretes glycogen
99
Q

what is the site of fertilization

A

oviduct/uterine/fallopian tibe

100
Q

fertilization usually occurs with in ____ of ovulation

A

24 hours

101
Q

how long can sperm last in the female vagina

A

48 hours

102
Q

factors that assure the successful transportation of sperm to the egg

A
  • contractions of myometrium
  • upward contractions of oviduct smooth muscle
  • allurin is released by the egg
103
Q

fertilin

A
  • produced by the plasma membrane of sperm
  • binds with the ovum cell membrane protein ZP3, causing the fusion of both
104
Q

what is the ovums cell membrane protein

A

ZP3

105
Q

what is the sperms cell membrane protein

A

fetilin

106
Q

a fertilized ovum is now called a

A

zygote

107
Q

how does the fertilized ovum divide

A

mitotically
- change into blastocytes

108
Q

how do blastocyst implant

A

in the endometrial lining using enzymes released by trophoblasts

109
Q

how do the enzymes released by trophoblasts digest endometrial tissue

A
  • carve holes in the endometrium for implantation of blastocyst
  • release nutrients from endometrial cells for use by developing embryo
110
Q

trophoblast

A

accomplished implantation and develops into fetal portions of the placenta

111
Q

inner cell mass

A

desinated to become fetus

112
Q

how long after implantation does it take for the placenta to develop

A

5 weeks

113
Q

placenta functions

A
  • organ of exchange between maternal and fetal blood
  • acts as transient, complex endocrine organ that secretes essential pregnancy hormones
114
Q

what hormones are secreted by the placenta

A
  • human chorionic gonadotrpin
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
115
Q

human chorioonic gonadotropin

A
  • maintain corpus luteum until th eplacenta takes over function in the last 2 trimesters
116
Q

estrogen and progesterone pregnancy

A

essential for maintaining a normal pregnancy

117
Q

Placentation

A
  • relationship between the developing fetus and uterus as pregnancy progesses
  • Schematic representation of interlocking maternal and fetal structures that forn the placenta
118
Q

how long does pregnancy last

A

about 38 weeks

119
Q

what are the physical changes in the mother while pregnat

A
  • uterine enlargement
  • breat enlargement and the ability to produce milk
  • blood volume increases by 30%
  • weight gain
  • respitory activity increases by 20%
  • kidneys excrete additional wastes from the fetus
  • nutritional requirements increase
120
Q

parturition is also know as

A
  • labour
  • delivery
  • birth
121
Q

parturition requires

A
  • dilalation of the cervical canal
  • contraction of the uterine myometrium
  • factors that increase contractilitly of the uterus
122
Q

where is relaxin produced

A

corpus luteum of pregnancy and placenta

123
Q

relaxin

A

relaxes pelvic ligaments for paturation

124
Q

prostiglandin effecton paturation

A
  • promotes cervical enzyme production (softens cervix)
125
Q

how is estrogen made during pregnancy

A

androgen –> DHEA –> estrogen

126
Q

why is estrogen not made by the placenta

A

placenta lacks enzymes to synthesize estrogen

127
Q

functions of estrogen in pregnancy

A
  • growth of the myometrium (uterus enlargement)
  • development of the ammary ducts within th ebreasts
  • stimulates the enlargement of the external genitalia
128
Q

functions of progesterone during pregnancy

A
  • promotes the growth and maintence of the endometrium
  • suppresses uterine contractions to prevent miscarriage
  • promotes mucus plug formation of the cervix
  • promotes the development of milk glands in the breasts for lactation
129
Q

oxytocin role in pregnancy

A
  • powerful uterine contractions
  • icreases uterine responsiveness x100 greater
  • increases oxytocin receptors in the myometrium for a strong myometrial contraction s(critical threshold)
130
Q

CRH fucntions

A
  • determine the onset of labour
  • promotes fetal lung maturation
131
Q

CRH is secreted from

A

the fetal placenta

132
Q

CRH stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete

A

ACTH

133
Q

functions of cortisol in pregnancy

A
  • synthesize pulmonary surfactant
  • lung expansion and reduces work of breathing
134
Q

what is stage 1 of labour

A

cervical dialation

135
Q

what is stage 2 of labour

A

delivery of the baby

136
Q

what is stage 3 of labour

A

delivery of the placenta

137
Q

stage 1 of labour is characterized by

A

the dialation of the cervix to accommodate the diameter of the babys head

138
Q

what enhances dialation

A

fetus head pushing against the cervix

139
Q

how long does stage 1 of labour last

A

longest
- up to 24 hours

140
Q

stage 2 of labour is characterized by

A

an actual birth of the baby and cervical dialation is complete

141
Q

how long does stage 2 of labour last

A

30-90 mins

142
Q

stage 3 of labour is characterised by

A
  • the delivery of the placenta
143
Q

how long does the 3 stage of labur last

A

15-30 mins

144
Q

lactation

A
  • stimulates the synthesis of enzymes essential for milk production by alveolar epithelial cells
  • withdrawl of the placental steriods at paturation initiates lactation sustained by suckeling
  • triggers release of oxytocin and prolactin
  • stimulates secretion of more milk to replace milk ejected as babay suckles
145
Q

oxytocin role in lactation

A
  • caused milk EJECTION by stimulating cells surrounding alveoli to squeeze secreted milk out though ducts
146
Q

prolactin role in lactation

A

increases milk SECRETION

HLST128: Physiology II (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions