Ch 4: Genes

Question 1

Central dogma

Answer 1

Source, order, and function of all genetic information 

Question 2

Characteristics of central dogma

Answer 2

-DNA replicates and transcribes
-MRNA is a chemical messenger of information
-MRNA is translated into proteins

Question 3

Proteins structure

Answer 3

Amino acids

Question 4

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 4

Ala-leu-cys-met

Question 5

Secondary structure of proteins

Answer 5

A. Alpha helix
B. Beta pleated sheet

Question 6

Tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 6

Cross-links between our groups

Question 7

Quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 7

Coils

Question 8

Globular proteins

Answer 8

• spherical
-Insulin
-Hemoglobin
-Enzymes
-Antibodies

Question 9

Fibrous proteins

Answer 9

• long, thin fibers
-Hair
-Wool
-Skin
-Nails

Question 10

Definition of denaturation

Answer 10

Disruption of secondary tertiary and quaternary proteins by heat, acids, heavy metals, agitation

Question 11

Examples of denaturation

Answer 11

-Heat cauterizing blood
-Hard boiling an egg
-Curling hair/straightening hair
-Heating milk to make yogurt

Question 12

Purine bases

Answer 12

Adenine and guanine

Question 13

Pyrimidines bases

Answer 13

Thymine and cytosine

Question 14

Properties of gene

Answer 14

-polarity
-Strandedness
-antiparallelelicity
-Complementarity

Question 15

Replication

Answer 15

DNA to rna to protein

Question 16

DNA polymerization

Answer 16

Nucleotides bond together by dehydration reaction

Question 17

Transcription

Answer 17

RNA uses dna that only reads individual genes

Question 18

Gene expression

Answer 18

RNA transcription, proteins synthesis, regulation of expression, eukaryotic, and prokaryotic

Question 19

Eukaryotic characteristics

Answer 19

-chromosomes are similar (linear)
-2 copies: diploid
-Positively charged and double stranded
-identical polymerization
Double stranded helix is extremely long

Question 20

Prokaryotic characteristics

Answer 20

-Single copy: haploid
-Histone like proteins
-no nucleus
-Identical, polymerization, one origin

Question 21

RNA

Answer 21

Ribonucleic acid
-Replication-> DNA-> transcribes-> RNA

Question 22

Gene

Answer 22

Sequence of DNA

Question 23

Genome

Answer 23

Collection of jeans= organism

Question 24

Genotype

Answer 24

Specific gene type

Question 25

Phenotype

Answer 25

Physical and observable traits for genotype

Question 26

Is the shape of a protein important

Answer 26

Yes, because it could change its function

Question 27

What is the first process in central dogma?

Answer 27

Replication

Question 28

MRNA

Answer 28

Blueprint for how proteins are made

Question 29

RRNA

Answer 29

Ribosomal RNA part of ribosome

Question 30

TRNA

Answer 30

Transfer RNA functions as helper to bring amino acids to ribosomes

Question 31

Mutations

Answer 31

Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Question 32

Fixing mutations

Answer 32

Substitute, insertion, and deletion

Question 33

Silent mutation

Answer 33

Change in mRNA sequence, which doesn’t change the a.a sequence of proteins

Question 34

Missense mutation

Answer 34

Change an mRNA sequence, which does change the a.a sequence of the protein

Question 35

What is the condition to induce the LAC operon?

Answer 35

High lactose, low glucose

Question 36

Chromosome structures

Answer 36

Coil histones Coil around coil (chromatin) Coil chromatin (nucleosome) Super coiled structure (chromosome)

Question 37

Extra nuclear DNA (5%)

Answer 37

Most common mitochondria and chloroplast are donated from Mom

Question 38

Bacteria, prokaryotes

Answer 38

-histone like proteins (Hu) -Have single copy: haploid -have circular DNA -Have extra DNA: plasmids -conjunction: gene transfer

Question 39

Conjunction

Answer 39

Gene transfer F-plasmids

Question 40

Resistance, plasmids

Answer 40

Resistant to penicillin other medications

Question 41

Bacteriosin plasmids

Answer 41

Kill is competition

Question 42

Virulence plasmids

Answer 42

Ability to become pathogenic

Question 43

Characteristics of a nucleotide

Answer 43

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

Question 44

Properties of DNA

Answer 44

-Polar from nucleotide -anti-parallel -Complementary

Question 45

Transponons

Answer 45

Movable DNA fragments that jump -Low frequency

Question 46

How does bacteria defend themselves?

Answer 46

-bacterial immune system -Nucleic acid resistors