CH 4 Supplemental Learning

Question 1

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

Answer 1

Amino

Question 2

When a double bond joins two carbon atoms, __________ can form.

Answer 2

cis-trans isomers

Question 3

isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Answer 3

Structural isomers

Question 4

The seven chemical groups most important in biological processes are the

Answer 4

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups

Question 5

The ______ group is not reactive, but instead often serves as a recognizable tag on biological molecules.

Answer 5

methyl

Question 6

What is ATP’s importance in the cell?

Answer 6

ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.

Question 7

The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the __________.

Answer 7

methyl group (-CH3)

Question 8

what chemical group affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA.

Answer 8

methyl group (-CH3)

Question 9

this group acts as a base and can remove an H+ from the surrounding solution.

Answer 9

Amine group (-NH2)

Question 10

two _____ groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure.

Answer 10

“Sulfhydryl group (-SH)”

Question 11

Functional Group:
When attached, it confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy.

Answer 11

“Phosphate group (-PO3–2)”

it contributes negative charge (1– when positioned inside a chain of phosphates; 2– when at the end).

Question 12

it acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar.

Answer 12

“Carboxyl group (-COOH)”

Question 13

The two Xs are on the same side

Answer 13

cis- isomers

Question 14

The two Xs are on opposite sides

Answer 14

trans isomers

Question 15

Inorganic carbon such as CO2 differs from organic carbon because __________.

Answer 15

organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it

Question 16

the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their carbon skeletons

Answer 16

Structural isomers

Question 17

they contribute to the molecular shape of a molecule and its unique properties

Answer 17

Chemical groups

Question 18

Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen are __________.

Answer 18

called hydrocarbons

Question 19

All amino acids contain at least one ______ functional group and one ______ functional group. In addition, it may contain one or more of the other functional groups.

Answer 19

All amino acids contain at least one carboxyl (-COOH) functional group and one amino ( -NH2 ) functional group. In addition, it may contain one or more of the other functional groups.

Question 20

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

Answer 20

Amino can pick up a proton (H+) from the surrounding solution

Question 21

What are properties of hydrocarbons?

Answer 21

Hydrophobic, nonpolar, and a good source of stored energy

Question 22

They are the major components of petroleum, which is called a fossil fuel because it consists of the partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago.

Answer 22

Hydrocarbons

Question 23

They are not charged and do not contain functional groups, such as carboxyl and amine groups, like many other organic compounds.

Answer 23

hydrocarbon

Question 24

They are hydrophobic because the great majority of their bonds are relatively nonpolar

Answer 24

Hydrocarbons

Question 25

Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They __________.

Answer 25

all help give each biological molecule its unique properties

Question 26

The carbon skeleton can vary in

Answer 26

presence of rings, double bond position, branching, length

Question 27

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

Answer 27

cis-trans isomers

Question 28

The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the __________.

Answer 28

sulfhydryl group (-SH)

Question 29

______groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure. Hair protein cross-links maintain the straightness or curliness of hair; in hair salons, permanent treatments break cross-links and then re-form them while the hair is in the desired shape.

Answer 29

Two -SH

Question 30

Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones

Answer 30

Methyl Group (—-CH3)

Question 31

Determines what protein and organism can make gene expression making protein from coded DNA

Answer 31

Methyl group (——CH3)

Question 32

Gives shape to proteins, stabilize, a structure and function

Answer 32

Sulfhydryl Group (—-SH) or Thiol

Question 33

Hair protein, cross links, maintain the sweetness of cleanliness of hair

Answer 33

Sulfhdryl group (——SH)

Question 34

Key formation of proteins, act as a base, can pick up an H+ from surrounding solution, raises pH

Answer 34

Amino Amine Group (—NH2)

Question 35

Involved in dehydration, synthesis, and hydrolysis

Answer 35

Hydroxyl Group (—-OH)

Question 36

Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compound such as sugars. (Alcohol, Ethanol etc.)

Answer 36

Hydroxyl Group (—OH)

Question 37

Carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton

Answer 37

Ketone (O=H)

Question 38

Sugars with ketone groups (Carbonyl group; C=O) are called

Answer 38

Ketoses

Question 39

Carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton

Answer 39

Aldehyde (C=O)

Question 40

Sugars with aldehydes are called

Answer 40

Aldoses (C=O)

Question 41

Key formation of proteins

Answer 41

Carboxyl group (—COOH)

Question 42

Acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar —-helps lower pH

Answer 42

Carboxyl group (—-COOH)