Unit 4 (CH 17)

Question 1

______ of biology refers to the one-way flow of biochemical info from DNA to protein.

Answer 1

Central Dogma

Question 2

_____: process that builds RNA using DNA as the coding template.

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

_____: process that builds proteins using the encoded messages of RNA (mRNA).

Answer 3

Translation

Question 4

Sometimes transcription & translation are collectively referred to as

Answer 4

gene expression.

Question 5

DNA is replicated; RNA can be reverse-transcribed into DNA, but transfer of nucleic acid to protein is irreversible.

Answer 5

DNA is replicated; RNA can be reverse-transcribed into DNA, but transfer of nucleic acid to protein is irreversible.

Question 6

According to the central dogma, what is the intermediate molecule involved in the flow of information in a cell

Answer 6

DNA → mRNA → Proteins

Question 7

The full process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is called

Answer 7

Gene expression

Question 8

_______: process that builds RNA using DNA within a gene as the coding template.

□ _____: small units of DNA that encode a product (ex. protein).
1. _____: DNA sequence where transcription starts (site of RNA polymerase attachment).

□ RNA Polymerase: an enzyme that polymerizes/builds RNA from scratch (no primer needed).
2. _______: DNA sequence where transcription ends.

Answer 8

Transcription: process that builds RNA using DNA within a gene as the coding template.

□ Genes: small units of DNA that encode a product (ex. protein).
1. Promoter: DNA sequence where transcription starts (site of RNA polymerase attachment).
□ RNA Polymerase: an enzyme that polymerizes/builds RNA from scratch (no primer needed).
2. Terminator: DNA sequence where transcription ends.

Question 9

_______: process that builds RNA using DNA within a gene as the coding template.

□ ______: small units of DNA that encode a product (ex. protein).

Answer 9

Transcription: process that builds RNA using DNA within a gene as the coding template.

□ Genes: small units of DNA that encode a product (ex. protein).

Question 10

1. _____: DNA sequence where transcription starts (site of RNA polymerase attachment).

   □ RNA Polymerase: an enzyme that polymerizes/builds RNA from scratch (no primer needed).
2. _____: DNA sequence where transcription ends.

Answer 10

1. Promoter: DNA sequence where transcription starts (site of RNA polymerase attachment).
□ RNA Polymerase: an enzyme that polymerizes/builds RNA from scratch (no primer needed).
2. Terminator: DNA sequence where transcription ends.

Question 11

1. Promoter: DNA sequence where transcription starts (site of ______ attachment).

   □ ______: an enzyme that polymerizes/builds RNA from scratch (no primer needed).
   Transcription factors bind the promoter’s TATA box.
   ________ attaches, then splits DNA backbones apart.

Answer 11

RNA polymerase

Question 12

RNA polymerase _____require a primer.

Answer 12

does not

Question 13

The process of transcription consists of three steps:

Answer 13

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Question 14

1) Initiation of Transcription
●Initiation: _____ binds to promoter on DNA & unwinds the two DNA strands.

□ In prokaryotes, ______ binds on its own.

□ In eukaryotes, ______ proteins are required.

Answer 14

1) Initiation of Transcription
●Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to promoter on DNA & unwinds the two DNA strands.

□ In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds on its own.

□ In eukaryotes, transcription factor proteins are required.

Question 15

2) _____ of Transcription
●_____: RNA polymerase builds an RNA molecule by pairing free RNA nucleotides with the DNA template.

□ RNA polymerase continues to move, unwinding DNA & building RNA in the __ to )) direction.

Answer 15

2) Elongation of Transcription
●Elongation: RNA polymerase builds an RNA molecule by pairing free RNA nucleotides with the DNA template.
□ RNA polymerase continues to move, unwinding DNA & building RNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

Question 16

3) _____ of Transcription
●_____: results in the end of transcription to produce an RNA molecule.

□ Prokaryotes & eukaryotes differ in how they terminate transcription.

□ Eukaryotic termination forms a ______ molecule that needs RNA processing.

Answer 16

3) Termination of Transcription
●Termination: results in the end of transcription to produce an RNA molecule.

□ Prokaryotes & eukaryotes differ in how they terminate transcription.

□ Eukaryotic termination forms a pre-mRNA molecule that needs RNA processing.

Question 17

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following molecules in addition to RNA polymerase?

Answer 17

transcription factors

Question 18

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter during what stage of transcription?

Answer 18

initiation

Question 19

2. The RNA transcript is released during what stage of transcription?

Answer 19

elongation

Question 20

The RNA transcript is extended during what stage of transcription?

Answer 20

termination

Question 21

the correct transcript of mRNA for the following DNA template?

DNA Template: 3’-ATGAAGCCGAGTCAT-5’
Complementary mRNA: 5’-UACUUCGGCUCAGUA-3’
Correct answer: c) 3’-UACUUCGGCUCAGUA-5’

Answer 21

the correct transcript of mRNA for the following DNA template?

DNA Template: 3’-ATGAAGCCGAGTCAT-5’
Complementary mRNA: 5’-UACUUCGGCUCAGUA-3’
Correct answer: c) 3’-UACUUCGGCUCAGUA-5’

Question 22

During transcription of DNA to RNA, the ____ ____ must first bind to a ____ sequence.

Answer 22

During transcription of DNA to RNA, the RNA polymerase must first bind to a promoter sequence

Question 23

RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA at the promoter sequence of the gene during the ____ step of DNA transcription

Answer 23

initiation

Question 24

A ______ is a permanent change in the DNA sequence.


Answer 24

Mutation

Question 25

Mutations in DNA can affect the __________ and thus the resulting __________ via translation.

Answer 25

mRNA, proteins

Question 26

3. Mutations can occur __________ or be induced by __________.
 4. Mutations are a major source of __________ __________ in populations.


Answer 26

spontaneously, mutagens genetic diversity

Question 27

During translation termination, a __________ __________ binds to the stop codon in the A site.


Answer 27

release factor

Question 28

A peptide bond forms during __________, right after a new aminoacyl-tRNA binds in the A site.


Answer 28

elongation

Question 29

Translation Termination occurs when a __________ codon reaches the A-site.


Answer 29

stop

Question 30

*The first amino acid used in translation is __________.
 *The tRNA carrying methionine base-pairs with the start codon __________.


Answer 30

Methionine AUG

Question 31

During elongation, new tRNAs enter the _____ site, move to the _____ site, and exit through the _____ site.

Answer 31

A, P, E

Question 32

Translation begins when the small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA and a tRNA, followed by the large subunit. The start codon is __________.


Answer 32

AUG

Question 33

The three steps of translation are: ______________, ______________, and ______________.


Answer 33

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Question 34

Ribosomes consist of a small and large ribosomal ______________, each made of proteins and rRNA.


Answer 34

subunit

Question 35

It binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA.

Answer 35

Release factor

Question 36

_____: process removing some regions of pre-mRNA (introns) & reconnecting remaining regions (exons):

Answer 36

RNA Splicing

Question 37

Noncoding regions of DNA/RNA that interrupt coding regions, but do NOT get translated.

Answer 37

Introns

Question 38

Coding regions of DNA/RNA that are expressed & do get translated

Answer 38

exons

Question 39

Large complex of RNA & protein responsible for removing introns.

Answer 39

Spliceosome

Question 40

RNA Splicing: Within eukaryotic genes are regions called _____________ & _____________ that are transcribed into pre-mRNA

Answer 40

introns; exons

Question 41

Protects the mRNA from degradation.

Answer 41

An mRNA poly-A tail

Question 42

mRNA contains _______________ (3 nucleotides coding for a specific amino acid)

Answer 42

codons

Question 43

tRNA contains __________-codons (3 nucleotides complementary to the mRNA codons)

Answer 43

anti

Question 44

The direction of ribosome movement during translation is in the ______________.

Answer 44

5’ → 3’ direction of mRNA.

Question 45

Similar to transcription, the process of translation also consists of 3 steps:

Answer 45

1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

Question 46

When is a peptide bond formed during translation?

Answer 46

During the elongation phase, just after a tRNA charged with the next amino acid binds to the A site.

Question 47

The tRNA for which amino acid is the first to enter the ribosome?

Answer 47

Methionine

Question 48

Termination of Translation: a stop codon reaches the ____, triggering ___ ___ ____ to bind. The polypeptide chain is cleaved & released, and the translation assembly disassembles.

Answer 48

Termination: a stop codon reaches the A-site, triggering release factor proteins to bind. 14. The polypeptide chain is cleaved & released, and the translation assembly disassembles.

Question 49

Ribosomes Facts: * Several ribosomes are often attached to and translating the same mRNA. * Ribosomes join amino acids to form a polypeptide. * Ribosomes have a binding site for mRNA and three binding sites for tRNA molecules. * No protein synthesis within a cell would occur without ribosomes.

Answer 49

Ribosomes Facts: * Several ribosomes are often attached to and translating the same mRNA. * Ribosomes join amino acids to form a polypeptide. * Ribosomes have a binding site for mRNA and three binding sites for tRNA molecules. * No protein synthesis within a cell would occur without ribosomes.

Question 50

Initiation of Translation – **Initiation: the small ribosomal subunit first binds the ____ & a____ before the large subunit binds. **The start codon (___) specifies the amino acid _____(____). 8. Several proteins called initiation factors & energy are required.

Answer 50

**Initiation: the small ribosomal subunit first binds the mRNA & a tRNA before the large subunit binds. **The start codon (AUG) specifies the amino acid Methionine (Met). 8. Several proteins called initiation factors & energy are required.

Question 51

Elongation of Translation **Amino acids are added one by one to the previous amino acid at the C-terminus of the growing chain. 1. Polypeptide chain grows from its N-terminus to its C-terminus. 2. ____ reads mRNA 5’ → 3’, pairing codons with tRNA anti-codons. 3. New tRNAs enter ribosome’s A-site, shift to the P-site, and exit from the E-site.

Answer 51

Elongation of Translation **Amino acids are added one by one to the previous amino acid at the C-terminus of the growing chain. 1. Polypeptide chain grows from its N-terminus to its C-terminus. 2. Ribosome reads mRNA 5’ → 3’, pairing codons with tRNA anti-codons. 3. New tRNAs enter ribosome’s A-site, shift to the P-site, and exit from the E-site.

Question 52

Ribosomes consist of a small & large ribosomal subunit, each made of ----- & -----.

Answer 52

Ribosomes consist of a small & large ribosomal subunit, each made of proteins & rRNA.

Question 53

Translation: process that builds ______________ using the encoded messages of mRNA

Answer 53

proteins

Question 54

Ribosomes: complex structure that builds __________________ & performs _____________________

Answer 54

polypeptides; translation

Question 55

RNA structure that carries/transfers amino acids to ribosomes

Answer 55

tRNA

Question 56

tRNA contains _________-codons that pair with mRNA codons during translation

Answer 56

anti

Question 57

Which type of RNA contains groups of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid?

Answer 57

mRNA

Question 58

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome used in polypeptide creation?

Answer 58

tRNA

Question 59

Functions of ____ & ____ *Facilitate export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm: *Protects the mRNA from degradation by enzymes *Help ribosomes attach to the mRNA for translation

Answer 59

Functions of 5’ Cap & Poly-A Tail

Question 60

RNA _____ & _____: Eukaryotic processes converting pre-mRNA into mRNA that’s ready for translation.

Answer 60

RNA Processing & Splicing: Eukaryotic processes converting pre-mRNA into mRNA that’s ready for translation.

Question 61

Eukaryotic RNA processing involves 2 events that alter both ends of the pre-mRNA: 1) Addition of a 5’ cap (modified guanine nucleotide) to the ______ end of the pre-mRNA 2) Addition of a Poly-A Tail (sequence of adenine nucleotides) to the ______ end of the pre-mRNA

Answer 61

5', 3'

Question 62

Genetic Code analyzes one ____________ at a time, each which reveals one amino acid

Answer 62

codon