Final Exam :) Flashcards
(229 cards)
1
Q
what are the three domains of life?
A
Bacteria – Single-celled prokaryotes with no nucleus; includes common bacteria.
Archaea – Single-celled prokaryotes also without a nucleus, but genetically and biochemically distinct from bacteria; often found in extreme environments.
Eukarya – Organisms with eukaryotic cells (cells that have a nucleus); includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
2
Q
______ – Single-celled prokaryotes with no nucleus; includes common bacteria.
A
Bacteria
3
Q
_____ – Single-celled prokaryotes also without a nucleus, but genetically and biochemically distinct from bacteria; often found in extreme environments.
A
Archaea
4
Q
____ – Organisms with eukaryotic cells (cells that have a nucleus); includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
A
Eukarya
5
Q
**____: smallest basic unit of life
**_____: structure that is found in a
cell that performs a specific function
(chloroplasts)
A
**Cells: smallest basic unit of life
**Organelles: structure that is found in a
cell that performs a specific function
(chloroplasts)
6
Q
____ mutations creates a stop codon
A
nonsense
7
Q
Three Domains of Life:
Bacteria and Archaea are single-celled prokaryotes, while _____ includes single- or multi-celled eukaryotes like plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
A
Bacteria and Archaea are single-celled prokaryotes, while Eukarya includes single- or multi-celled eukaryotes like plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
8
Q
A ______ is the smallest basic unit of life, found in all living organisms, containing a membrane and cytoplasm.
A
cell
9
Q
____, per cell theory, are the fundamental units of life, performing all life processes within a lipid membrane enclosing cytoplasm.
A
cells
10
Q
______ groups are molecular groups on carbon skeletons that add variation in structure, function, and chemical reactivity.
A
functional
11
Q
______ elements, like SPONCH, are essential for all living organisms to survive.
A
essential
12
Q
______ elements (sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen) form macromolecules critical for life.
A
SPONCH
13
Q
The ______ states that all living organisms are made of cells, arising from pre-existing cells.
A
cell theory
14
Q
_____ establishes cells as life’s basic unit, produced via division, not spontaneous generation.
A
cell theory
15
Q
______ are positively charged particles in the nucleus, determining an atom’s identity.
A
protons
16
Q
____ (+ charge), ____ (no charge), and _____ (- charge, orbiting nucleus) are subatomic particles; protons define the element.
A
Protons (+ charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (- charge, orbiting nucleus) are subatomic particles; protons define the element.
17
Q
A ______ is a group of identical cells working together, like muscle tissue in animals.
A
tissue
18
Q
A ______ is all individuals of the same species in a geographic area, interacting with their environment.
A
population
19
Q
Populations are groups of the same species, part of _____ (multiple populations) and ecosystems.
A
communities
20
Q
The ______ system categorizes organisms from broadest to most specific: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
A
“Do Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick” orders classification levels, with species as the most specific.
21
Q
______ is the ability to do work or cause change, powering cellular processes.
A
Energy
22
Q
______ is a DNA-protein complex in the nucleus, organizing genetic material.
A
chromatin
23
Q
______, made of DNA wound around histones, condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
A
Chromatin
24
Q
______ is the physical division of a parent cell into two daughter cells after mitosis.
A
Cytokinesis
25
NADH and FADH2 donate ______ to the electron transport chain, driving ATP production.
electrons
26
NADH and FADH2, produced in glycolysis and Krebs cycle, fuel the ETC, creating a hydrogen gradient for ATP synthesis.
NADH and FADH2, produced in glycolysis and Krebs cycle, fuel the ETC, creating a hydrogen gradient for ATP synthesis.
27
An ______ is a specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function, like the nucleus or mitochondria.
organelle
28
_____ (e.g., chloroplasts, ribosomes) are compartmentalized structures, mostly membrane-bound in eukaryotes.
Organelles
29
A ______ is an element an organism needs in large amounts, like carbon or nitrogen.
Macronutrient
30
_____ (e.g., SPONCH elements) are essential in large quantities, unlike ____ elements needed in small amounts.
Macronutrients (e.g., SPONCH elements) are essential in large quantities, unlike trace elements needed in small amounts.
31
Multi-gene traits produce diverse _____ (e.g., shades of blue, brown) via incomplete/codominance.
phenotypes
32
* DNA Replication: “_____ unzips, ____ builds, _____ seals.”
* DNA Replication: “Helicase unzips, Polymerase builds, Ligase seals.”
33
An organism with two identical alleles, like PP or ww, is ______.
homozygous
34
_____ organisms express either the dominant (PP) or recessive (ww) trait.
Homozygous organisms express either the dominant (PP) or recessive (ww) trait.
35
In meiosis, ______ over during prophase I exchanges DNA between homologous chromosomes.
____ over increases genetic diversity by swapping allele segments in tetrads.
Crossing
36
In ______, sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles in mitosis.
_____ separates sister chromatids, ensuring each daughter cell receives identical DNA.
Anaphase
37
______ is the physical splitting of a cell into two daughter cells after mitosis.
_____ via a contractile ring, divides cytoplasm, completing cell division.
Cytokinesis
38
During ______, chromosomes align at the cell’s middle, ensuring even distribution.
Metaphase
39
In mitosis, ______ is the stage where chromosomes condense and the spindle forms.
____ prepares DNA for division, with chromatin forming visible sister chromatids.
Prophase
40
During the ______ phase of interphase, DNA is replicated, preparing for cell division.
S
41
The __ phase copies chromosomes, followed by G2 preparation for mitosis.
S (synthesis)
42
______ are large molecules, often polymers, built from monomers and held by covalent bonds.
macromolecules
43
_____ (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) are essential for cell structure and function, made of SPONCH elements.
Macromolecules
44
In a chemical reaction, ______ are the starting substances, while products are the end results.
____ (left of reaction arrow) transform into products (right), as in synthesis or decomposition reactions.
reactant
45
______ bonds are weak interactions between hydrogen and electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen.
Hydrogen
46
_____ bonds, critical in water and DNA, are weak but essential for molecular interactions.
hydrogen
47
The ______ shell of an atom contains valence electrons, determining its chemical reactivity.
____ electrons in the outermost shell drive bonding behavior, with full shells (e.g., 8 in shell 2) reducing reactivity.
valence
48
Living organisms show order, regulation (homeostasis), growth, energy processing, reproduction, environmental response, and evolutionary adaptation.
Living organisms show order, regulation (homeostasis), growth, energy processing, reproduction, environmental response, and evolutionary adaptation.
49
Living organisms exhibit ______, maintaining internal stability through regulation, like temperature control.
Homeostasis
50
Evolution occurs at the ______ level, where species adapt and diversify over time.
Evolution, via natural selection, changes allele frequencies in _____, not individuals, leading to species diversity.
Population
51
The cell membrane’s ______ bilayer has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, regulating transport.
Phospholipid
52
The _____ phospholipid bilayer, with proteins and cholesterol, is semipermeable and fluid (fluid mosaic model)
The amphipathic phospholipid bilayer, with proteins and cholesterol, is semipermeable and fluid (fluid mosaic model)
53
Energy, in forms like ____ (chemical bonds) or ____(heat), drives metabolism and cellular functions.
Energy, in forms like potential (chemical bonds) or kinetic (heat), drives metabolism and cellular functions.
54
______ transport uses ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Active
55
____ transport (e.g., sodium-potassium pump) requires energy and often carrier proteins, unlike passive transport.
Active
56
A ______ is a DNA sequence that codes for a protein, determining traits or functions.
gene
57
____ encode proteins via nucleotide sequences, expressed through transcription and translation.
genes
58
An ______ acceptor gains electrons in redox reactions, like oxygen in aerobic respiration.
electron
59
Electron donors (e.g., glucose) ___ electrons, while acceptors (e.g., O2) ___ them in redox reactions (OIL RIG)
Electron donors (e.g., glucose) lose electrons, while acceptors (e.g., O2) gain them in redox reactions (OIL RIG)
60
The Krebs cycle produces NADH, FADH2, minor ATP, and ______ as a waste product.
CO2
61
____-, inherited one from each parent, cause trait variations (e.g., flower color in Mendel’s peas).
Alleles
62
Living organisms use ______ (e.g., sunlight) and _____ (e.g., glucose) as energy sources.
light, chemical
63
During ______ oxidation, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2.
pyruvate
64
Pyruvate oxidation links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle, forming acetyl-CoA and NADH in the _______
mitochondrial matrix.
65
______ is prokaryotic cell division, producing two identical daughter cells.
Binary fission
66
_____, simpler than mitosis, increases bacterial populations by copying circular DNA and splitting.
Binary fission
67
The ______ stage of respiration produces the most ATP via chemiosmosis.
ETC electron transport chain
68
The ETC yields 34 ATP per glucose, far more than glycolysis (2 ATP) or Krebs cycle (2 ATP).
The ETC yields 34 ATP per glucose, far more than glycolysis (2 ATP) or Krebs cycle (2 ATP).
69
A ______ is a condensed DNA-protein package containing genes, formed from chromatin.
chromosome
70
______, discrete DNA units, organize genes for cell division, visible during mitosis/meiosis.
Chromosomes
71
Unregulated mitosis can lead to cancer, causing uncontrolled cell growth and tumors.
Without _____ (e.g., cyclins, kinases), mitosis can produce excessive cells, forming tumors.
checkpoints
72
Water’s ______ nature, due to hydrogen bonding, makes it a universal solvent for polar molecules.
Water’s ____ (oxygen’s electronegativity creates partial charges) allows it to dissolve solutes like salts and sugars via hydration shells.
polar/polarity
73
The ______ number of an element equals the number of protons, also matching electrons in a neutral atom.
atomic
74
Glycolysis ends with two ______ molecules, plus 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
pyruvate
75
Glycolysis splits glucose (6C) into __ pyruvate (3C) molecules, yielding energy carriers for further respiration.
two
76
______ reactions involve electron transfer, with oxidation (loss) and reduction (gain) occurring simultaneously.
Redox
77
_____ drive energy transfer in respiration, with donors oxidized and acceptors reduced.
Redox reactions (OIL RIG)
78
In eukaryotes, ______ takes place in the nucleus, copying DNA into mRNA.
transcription
79
Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is accessible, unlike _____ in the cytoplasm.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is accessible, unlike translation in the cytoplasm.
80
______ inhibition occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme’s active site, blocking substrate access.
competitive
81
Competitive inhibition competes for the active site, unlike non-competitive (_____) inhibition, which alters enzyme shape.
allosteric
82
A ______ solution has more solutes than the cell, causing water to exit and the cell to shrivel.
hypertonic
83
_____ (more solutes), _____ (fewer solutes, cell swells), and _____ (equal solutes, no net water movement) describe tonicity.
Hypertonic (more solutes), hypotonic (fewer solutes, cell swells), and isotonic (equal solutes, no net water movement) describe tonicity.
84
______ is the cell cycle phase where cells grow, replicate DNA, and prepare for division.
Interphase
85
______ (G1, S, G2) involves growth (G1, G2), DNA synthesis (S), and metabolic tasks before mitosis.
Interphase (G1, S, G2) involves growth (G1, G2), DNA synthesis (S), and metabolic tasks before mitosis.
86
______ maintains cell membrane fluidity and stability, preventing gelling or disintegration.
_____, a steroid lipid, buffers membrane fluidity across temperature changes, ensuring structural integrity.
Cholesterol
87
______ is a six-carbon monosaccharide, a primary energy source for cells.
glucose
88
_____ (C6H12O6), a hexose sugar, is used in cellular respiration and polysaccharide formation.
glucose
89
Nutrients (raw materials), energy, and ____ (catalysts) are essential for metabolic reactions like anabolism and catabolism.
Nutrients (raw materials), energy, and enzymes (catalysts) are essential for metabolic reactions like anabolism and catabolism.
90
A ______ is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome, like the flower color gene’s position.
Each gene occupies a unique ___, with alleles varying at that position (e.g., P vs. w).
locus
91
______ is a common chemical electron donor in cellular respiration, providing electrons for ATP production.
____ an organic molecule, donates electrons via redox reactions in glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
Glucose
92
____(sequence), ____ (helices/sheets, hydrogen bonds), ____ (3D shape, R-group interactions), and _____ (multiple chains, R-group interactions) structures define protein form and function.
Primary (sequence), secondary (helices/sheets, hydrogen bonds), tertiary (3D shape, R-group interactions), and quaternary (multiple chains, R-group interactions) structures define protein form and function.
93
______ proteins form tunnels in the cell membrane, like aquaporins, aiding molecule movement.
_____ proteins provide passageways for molecules (e.g., water via aquaporins), unlike carrier proteins that shuttle molecules.
channel
94
______ RNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
messanger (mRNA)
95
____ has codons specifying amino acids; ____ delivers amino acids via anticodons; ____ forms ribosomes for translation.
mRNA has codons specifying amino acids; tRNA delivers amino acids via anticodons; rRNA forms ribosomes for translation.
96
______ RNA is part of ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis in cells.
_____, with proteins, forms ribosome subunits, facilitating translation in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal (rRNA)
97
Lipids lack a true ______, being assembled from diverse molecules like glycerol and fatty acids.
monomer
98
Unlike carbohydrates (saccharides) or proteins (amino acids), lipids (e.g., fats, phospholipids) are not polymers with repeating monomers.
Unlike carbohydrates (saccharides) or proteins (amino acids), lipids (e.g., fats, phospholipids) are not polymers with repeating monomers.
99
______ reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy input.
anabolic
100
_____ reactions (e.g., protein synthesis) consume energy, unlike ____ reactions that break down molecules, releasing energy.
Anabolic reactions (e.g., protein synthesis) consume energy, unlike catabolic reactions that break down molecules, releasing energy.
101
Tissues are groups of similar cells; other levels include molecules, organelles, cells, organs (tissues combined), organ systems, organisms, populations (same species), communities (different species), ecosystems (living + non-living), and biosphere (all life).
Tissues are groups of similar cells; other levels include molecules, organelles, cells, organs (tissues combined), organ systems, organisms, populations (same species), communities (different species), ecosystems (living + non-living), and biosphere (all life).
102
______ reactions break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.
catabolic
103
_____ reactions (e.g., digestion) provide energy for cellular processes by degrading molecules.
Catabolic
104
An ______ increases H+ ion concentration in a solution, lowering pH below 7.
acid
105
Acids (e.g., HCl) donate H+, while bases (e.g., NaOH) increase OH-, raising pH above 7.
Acids (e.g., HCl) donate H+, while bases (e.g., NaOH) increase OH-, raising pH above 7.
106
The ______ scale measures H+ concentration logarithmically, with acids below 7 and bases above 7.
pH
107
pH is _____; pH 3 is 10x more acidic than pH 4; neutral water is pH 7.
pH is logarithmic; pH 3 is 10x more acidic than pH 4; neutral water is pH 7.
108
The ______ uses electrons from NADH/FADH2 to produce ATP via chemiosmosis.
The _____creates a hydrogen gradient, driving ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing most ATP in respiration.
Electron Transport Chain
109
______ breaks molecules by adding water, like digesting polysaccharides.
Hydrolysis
110
____ adds H2O to break bonds, while phosphorylation adds a phosphate group (e.g., ADP → ATP).
Hydrolysis
111
ATP’s high-energy ______ bonds make it an effective energy currency for cellular reactions.
phosphate
112
ATP’s _____ bonds store potential energy, released via hydrolysis to ADP + Pi, powering non-spontaneous reactions.
ATP’s phosphate bonds store potential energy, released via hydrolysis to ADP + Pi, powering non-spontaneous reactions.
113
______ (e.g., glucose, pigments) provide electrons for redox reactions in metabolism or photosynthesis.
Electron donors (e.g., glucose, pigments) provide electrons for redox reactions in metabolism or photosynthesis.
114
Organisms get initial electrons from ______ molecules like glucose in food or chlorophyll in photosynthesis.
Organic
115
______ are not needed for fermentation, which occurs in the cytoplasm using pyruvate
mitochondria
116
_____ (e.g., lactic acid production) relies on glycolysis in the cytoplasm, not mitochondrial processes.
Fermentation (e.g., lactic acid production) relies on glycolysis in the cytoplasm, not mitochondrial processes.
117
Cell Cycle:
“_____ = identical 2n
_____ = diverse n,
Binary = prokaryotic clones.”
Cell Cycle: “Mitosis = identical 2n, Meiosis = diverse n, Binary = prokaryotic clones.”
118
DNA is copied ______, with each new molecule containing one old and one new strand.
Semiconservatively
119
______ transport moves molecules down their concentration gradient without ATP.
_____ transport (e.g., diffusion, osmosis) relies on natural gradients, not energy expenditure.
Passive
120
______ is the first stage of aerobic respiration, splitting glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis
121
_____ yields 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate, occurring regardless of oxygen presence.
Glycolysis yields 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate, occurring regardless of oxygen presence.
122
An ______ bond occurs when one atom transfers an electron to another, forming cations and anions.
____ bonds create ionic compounds (e.g., NaCl) through electron transfer, weaker than covalent bonds.
Ionic
123
A ______ bond forms when electrons are shared between atoms, creating molecules.
_____ bonds, the strongest type, involve electron sharing (e.g., H2O), forming polar or nonpolar molecules.
A ______ bond forms when electrons are shared between atoms, creating molecules.
Covalent bonds, the strongest type, involve electron sharing (e.g., H2O), forming polar or nonpolar molecules.
124
Carbon has ______ valence electrons, enabling it to form complex, varied structures in organic molecules.
four
125
______ are molecules with the same atoms but different arrangements, like structural or cis-trans types.
_____ (e.g., pentane vs. 2-methylbutane) vary in structure or orientation, affecting function in organisms.
isomers
126
______ groups add variation to organic molecules, influencing their chemical behavior.
_____ groups (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl) on carbon skeletons determine molecule reactivity and properties.
functional
127
______ is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane, driven by tonicity.
osmosis
128
____ moves water from high to low water concentration, affected by hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic solutions.
osmosis
129
______ diffusion uses transport proteins to move molecules like glucose down their gradient.
____ diffusion, via carrier or channel proteins, aids polar molecules without ATP.
Facilitated
130
______ transport requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.
___ transport, like the sodium-potassium pump, uses energy to maintain ion gradients.
active
131
RNA contains the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and ______, unlike DNA’s thymine.
RNA bases (A, G, C, U) pair A-U and G-C during transcription, replacing DNA’s T with U.
Uracil
132
______ synthesize short RNA primers to initiate DNA replication.
____provide starting points for DNA polymerase, essential for both leading and lagging strands.
Primases
133
A ______ mutation changes one nucleotide, while a frameshift mutation alters the reading frame.
point
134
____ mutations (nonsense, missense, silent) affect one codon; ___ (insertions/deletions) shift all downstream codons.
Point mutations (nonsense, missense, silent) affect one codon; frameshifts (insertions/deletions) shift all downstream codons.
135
The DNA backbone consists of alternating ______ and phosphate groups.
____ (sugar) and phosphate form DNA’s antiparallel backbones, linked by nucleotide bases.
Deoxyribose
136
______ copies DNA into mRNA, while translation converts mRNA into a polypeptide.
: Transcription
137
_____(nucleus) produces mRNA; _____ (cytoplasm, ribosomes) assembles proteins from mRNA codons.
: Transcription (nucleus) produces mRNA; translation (cytoplasm, ribosomes) assembles proteins from mRNA codons.
138
DNA ____ builds DNA strands; RNA ____ synthesizes mRNA during transcription.
DNA polymerase builds DNA strands; RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA during transcription.
139
______ are enzymes that synthesize DNA or RNA, like DNA ____ in replication.
polymerase
140
A ______ is a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid or signal.
_____ (e.g., AUG for methionine) pair with tRNA anticodons during translation to specify amino acids.
Codon
141
A ______ is a permanent change in DNA sequence, potentially altering protein function.
_____ like point or frameshift, can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial, affecting traits via protein changes.
mutation
142
A ______ is an organism’s physical traits, while a genotype is its genetic makeup.
_____ (e.g., purple flowers) are observable; genotypes (e.g., PP, Pw) are allele combinations
Phenotype
143
The ______ strand is copied continuously, while the lagging strand forms short Okazaki fragments.
The ____ strand follows helicase (5’ to 3’); the lagging strand is discontinuous due to opposite orientation.
leading
144
Prompt: ______ amino acids are used to make proteins in most living organisms.
Only __ amino acids, with varying R groups, form proteins, despite over 500 existing types.
20
145
______ are DNA ends that shorten with replication, potentially linked to aging in eukaryotes.
_____ protect chromosome ends but shorten each division, impacting cell longevity.
telomeres
146
______ seals gaps in DNA, like those between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
____ joins DNA segments, ensuring a continuous backbone after primer removal.
DNA ligase
147
______ relieves DNA tension ahead of the replication fork, preventing tangling.
_____ stabilizes DNA by reducing supercoiling as helicase unwinds the helix.
Topoisomerase
148
______ unwinds and splits DNA’s double helix at the replication fork during replication.
____ breaks hydrogen bonds, creating a Y-shaped fork for DNA polymerase to copy.
Helicase
149
A ______ trait is expressed when present, masking a recessive trait in heterozygous organisms.
____ traits (e.g., purple flowers, P) appear in PP or Pw, while recessive traits (w) need ww.
dominant
150
An organism with two identical alleles (e.g., PP) is ______, unlike one with different alleles (Pw).
_____ (PP, ww) has identical alleles; heterozygous ) has different alleles, affecting trait expression.
Homozygous
151
The cell cycle phase where the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
interphase
152
Where does transcription take place in eukaryotes?
in the nucleus
153
Reactions involving the transfer of electrons (oxidation-reduction).
redox reactions
154
What is a common electron donor in biology?
glucose
155
What is the end product of glycolysis?
Two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
156
The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
Locus
157
Condensed chromatin that carries genetic information.
chromosome
158
Which stage of respiration produces the most ATP?
The electron transport chain.
159
What happens if mitosis isn’t regulated?
It may lead to uncontrolled cell growth (cancer).
160
To produce ATP using the energy from electrons carried by NADH and FADH₂.
the purpose of the electron transport chain (ETC)
161
Are mitochondria needed for fermentation?
NO
162
Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where the cell splits into two.
binary fission
163
Different versions of a gene
alleles
164
What are the main products of the Krebs cycle?
CO₂, ATP, NADH, FADH₂
165
Donors ____ electrons; acceptors ___ electrons in redox reactions.
Donors give electrons; acceptors receive electrons in redox reactions.
166
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
A gene
167
What happens during pyruvate oxidation?
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and CO₂.
168
What are the two main energy sources for organisms?
Light (photosynthesis) and chemical compounds (chemosynthesis).
169
What do NADH and FADH2 do in respiration?
Carry electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.
170
What is hydrolysis?
Breaking bonds using water.
171
What is phosphorylation?
Adding a phosphate group to a molecule.
172
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division.
173
Hypertonic: ____ solute; Hypotonic: ____ solute; Isotonic: _____ solute concentration.
Hypertonic: higher solute; Hypotonic: lower solute; Isotonic: equal solute concentration.
174
Movement of substances against a gradient using energy (ATP).
active transport
175
What are the main requirements for metabolism?
Energy source, carbon source, enzymes.
176
DNA and protein complex in the nucleus that condenses to form chromosomes
chromatin
177
What are the characteristics of the cell membrane?
Semi-permeable, composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
178
_____ inhibition binds the active site; _____ binds elsewhere and changes enzyme shape.
Competitive binds the active site; non-competitive binds elsewhere and changes enzyme shape.
179
What is a 6-carbon carbohydrate?
Glucose.
180
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.
population
181
A structure composed of multiple tissue types working together to perform a function
organ
182
A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
tissue
183
The basic unit of life that carries out all life processes.
a cell
184
They allow molecules to interact in specific ways, influencing chemical reactivity and molecular bonding.
functional groups
185
At which level does evolution occur?
population
186
All the populations of different species that live and interact in a given area.
community
187
Maintains membrane fluidity and structure.
cholesterol
188
Membrane proteins that allow specific substances to pass through the membrane.
channel proteins
189
No true monomer, but often composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
lipids
190
____: donates H⁺ ions
____: accepts H⁺ ions.
Acid: donates H⁺ ions;
Base: accepts H⁺ ions.
191
0–14 scale; acids <7, bases >7, neutral = 7.
0–14 scale; acids <7, bases >7, neutral = 7.
192
______ cells, found in bacteria and archaea, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
_____ cells are simpler, single-celled, and lack compartmentalized organelles, unlike eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic
193
______ cells, found in plants, animals, and fungi, contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
____ cells are complex, with specialized organelles (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria), enabling multicellularity.
Eukaryotic
194
A ______ is a molecule with only carbon and hydrogen, like fossil fuels.
_____ (e.g., methane) are nonpolar, serving as energy-rich fuels due to C-H bonds.
Hydrocarbons
195
The ______ law of thermodynamics states that energy transfers increase entropy in the universe.
Second
196
____ (disorder) rises with energy transfers, but organisms maintain order via energy input.
Entropy
197
____ reactions (e.g., ATP hydrolysis) are spontaneous, unlike ___ reactions requiring energy.
Exergonic reactions (e.g., ATP hydrolysis) are spontaneous, unlike endergonic reactions requiring energy.
198
Reactions that build molecules and require energy.
anabolic
199
Reactions that break down molecules and release energy.
catabolic
200
What are the types of mutations?
Point mutation, frameshift mutation (insertion/deletion).
201
What happens during transcription?
DNA is used to synthesize RNA.
202
What happens during translation?
: mRNA is translated into a protein by ribosomes.
203
The number of protons in an atom; it defines the element.
atom number
204
Enzymes that build DNA or RNA molecules.
polymerase
205
Enzymes that synthesize RNA primers for DNA replication.
Primase
206
The ______ domain includes single-celled prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments.
Archaea
207
In classifying organisms, the two-part naming system gives each species a genus and a unique ______ name.
Binomial nomenclature assigns a genus and _____ name (e.g., Homo sapiens) for precise classification.
species
208
The most specific level of biological classification is ______, followed by genus, family, and order.
The hierarchy (Domain to ____) narrows from broad (Domain) to specific (____), with “Do Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick” as a mnemonic.
Species
209
______ is anything that has mass and takes up space, existing as solids, liquids, or gases.
____, made of elements, cycles through organisms and environments in different states (e.g., liquid water, solid ice).
Matter
210
An ______ is a substance that cannot be broken down chemically, like carbon or oxygen.
_____ are pure substances defined by their proton number, listed in the periodic table.
Elements
211
______ are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, used in carbon dating.
______(e.g., carbon-14) vary in neutron count, affecting stability and applications like dating fossils.
Isotopes
212
Water’s ______ allows it to stick to itself, enabling liquid water and evaporation.
____, due to hydrogen bonding, causes water molecules to attract each other, supporting properties like surface tension.
cohesion
213
______ are proteins that lower activation energy, speeding up metabolic reactions.
____ act as catalysts, fitting substrates in active sites via lock-and-key or induced fit models
Enzymes
214
The ______ law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
first
215
______ energy is stored in chemical bonds, used by cells for metabolic work.
_____ (chemical) energy in bonds contrasts with kinetic energy of motion (e.g., heat).
Potential
216
A ______ is a long molecule of repeating monomers, like starch or DNA.
____ are formed via polymerization (e.g., dehydration synthesis), linking monomers covalently.
polymer
217
______ store and transmit genetic information, with nucleotides as monomers.
_____ (DNA, RNA) use P, O, N, C, H to encode and express hereditary information.
Nucleic acids
218
The ______ membrane, a phospholipid bilayer, regulates what enters and exits the cell.
cell
219
The ______ is a jelly-like substance, mainly water, hosting metabolic reactions in the cell.
____ contains macromolecules and organelles, supporting cellular processes.
Cytoplasm
220
The ______ provides cell shape and aids intracellular transport via microtubules and microfilaments.
The _______’s protein fibers (e.g., actin, tubulin) maintain structure and facilitate movement.
Cytoskeleton
221
______ RNA carries amino acids to ribosomes, matching codons with anticodons.
Transfer
222
The ______ is the genetic control center, housing DNA and initiating protein synthesis.
nucleus
223
The _____, with its nuclear envelope and nucleolus, protects DNA and produces rRNA.
nucleus
224
_____ translate mRNA into polypeptides, either in cytoplasm or on rough ER.
Ribosomes
225
______ generate ATP via cellular respiration, converting glucose into energy.
mitochondria
226
______ proteins span the entire cell membrane, often aiding transport or signaling.
_____ proteins, like transmembrane proteins, extend through the bilayer, unlike peripheral proteins.
Intergal
227
The______ highlights membrane fluidity and diverse components (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates).
fluid mosaic model
228
Membrane ______ help cells recognize self vs. non-self, often as glycoproteins or glycolipids.
_____ on the membrane surface facilitate immune recognition and cell signaling.
Carbohydrates
229
