Ch. 43 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Neoplasms Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
What connects muscle to bone?
A
Tendons
2
Q
What connects bone to bone?
A
Ligaments
3
Q
What are acute musculoskeletal injuries?
A
- Soft tissue
- Fractures
4
Q
Tennis elbow is an example of what type of injury?
A
Overuse musculoskeletal injury
5
Q
What is the treatment for soft tissue injuries?
A
RICE
6
Q
What does R.I.C.E stand for?
A
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
7
Q
Stretching or partial tear of a muscle or muscle-tendon unit is what type of injury?
A
Strain (“pulled muscle”)
8
Q
What are the manifestations of a strain?
A
- Painful
- Stiff
- Swelling
- Localized tenderness
9
Q
What type of injury involves the joint ligaments or capsule surrounding the joint?
A
Sprains
10
Q
Where are sprains most common?
A
Ankle
11
Q
What are the manifestations of sprains?
A
- Pain
- Swelling
- Heat
- Disability
- Discoloration
- Limited Function
12
Q
Which resolve slower a strain or sprain?
A
Sprain
13
Q
What are the treatments for sprains?
A
RICE
-if severe immobilizers
14
Q
What is the displacement or separation of bone ends from their position in the joint?
A
Dislocation of joint
15
Q
What are symptoms of a displaced joint?
A
- Pain
- Deformity
- Limited movement
- May have fracture
16
Q
How do you treat a dislocated joint?
A
- Manipulation
- Immobilization for weeks
- Surgery
17
Q
A shoulder injury which is made up of muscles and tendons is what?
A
Rotator cuff injury
18
Q
Shoulders are commonly injured from excessive use, a direct blow, or stretching injury causing what type of injury?
A
Rotator cuff injury
19
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of a rotator cuff injury?
A
- Pain especially at night
- Tenderness
- Decreased ROM
20
Q
Knee injuries predispose individuals to what?
A
OA later in life
21
Q
What is the most common site of injury?
A
Knee
22
Q
What four ligament injuries are there?
A
- MCL
- LCL
- ACL
- PCL
23
Q
A pop or tearing is commonly described with what ligament injury?
A
ACL
24
Q
What are ligament injury treatments?
A
- Rest
- Ice
- Crutches
25
A meniscus tear is what type of injury?
Traumatic
26
What are the manifestations of a meniscus tear?
- Edematous
- Painful
- Possible locking and instability
27
A patellar subluxation and dislocation are what common types of injuries?
- Sports
| - Congenital variations
28
A "popping out" sensation or the knee giving out is a sign of what?
A patellar subluxation or dislocation
29
What are manifestations of a patellar subluxation or dislocation?
- Swelling
- Crepitus
- Stiffness
- Decreased ROM
30
Dislocation of the hip is due to what?
Severe trauma
31
Dislocation of the hip is a medical what?
Emergency
32
Why is dislocation of the hip a medical emergency?
Due to avascular necrosis (lack of blood flow to hip)
33
A hip replacement is needed regardless of age is what situation?
Hip dislocation
34
What type of fractures are there?
- Sudden injury
- Fatigue or stress (repeat wear on bone)
- Pathologic
35
Pathologic fractures are caused by what?
- Bone weakened by tumor or disease
- Cyst
- Tumor
- Osteoporosis
- Paget's Disease
36
What types of Pathological fractures are there?
- Proximal
- Midshaft
- Distal
- Open (compound)
- Closed
- Complete
- Incomplete
37
Which type of fracture can lead to infection?
Open (compound)
38
Besides pain, swelling, and decreased function. What are other manifestations of fractures?
- Deformity
- Grating
- Bleeding with open fracture
- "Local Shock" (brief numbness of fracture)
- Muscle Spasms
39
Fracture pain is commonly described as what?
Burning
40
*What are signs and symptoms of a hip fracture?*
- Severe groin pain
- Inability to ambulate on affected extremity
- Shorten leg
- Externally rotated
- ADDuction
41
What is the ultimate treatment of a hip fracture?
Surgery/ Hip Replacement
42
What does CMS stand for?
- Circulation
- Motor
- Sensory
43
What is the key assessment of fractures?
CMS
44
What are complications of fractures?
- Hemorrhage
- Compartment Syndrome
- Fat Embolism
45
What fractures should be monitored for hemorrhage?
- Humerus
- Femur
- Especially Pelvic (Hypovalemic shock)
46
Increased pressure from swelling in the area of fracture, causing nerve and blood vessel damage is what syndrome?
Compartment Syndrome
47
What syndrome from a fracture is life-threatening and limb-threatening?
Compartment Syndrome
48
Death of nerve and muscles cells is seen in what fracture syndrome?
Compartment Syndrome
49
Loss of perfusion is seen in what fracture syndrome?
Compartment Syndrome
50
What are factors affecting compartment syndrome?
- Pressure elevation
- Metabolic rates of tissue
- Vascular tone
- Local Bp
51
What are symptoms of compartment syndrome?
- Severe pain
- Change in sensation
- Decreased reflexes
- Decreased motor function
* ** Decrease in CMS
52
What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?
- Loosen dressings/remove cast
| - Fasciotomy
53
A nurse determines a client understands the teaching regarding compartment syndrome if he reports which early symptom?
Paresthesia
54
Fat droplets released and act as emboli, becoming impacted in pulmonary microvasculature and other microvascular beds, especially the brain is known as what syndrome?
Fat Embolism
55
Fat Embolisms are caused by what?
Trauma/Large bone fractures
56
What are signs and symptoms of a fat embolism?
- Tachypnea
- Tachycardia
- Dyspnea
- Petechial rash on chest and neck
57
What is the treatment for a fat embolism?
- No immediate treatment, fat needs to be reabsorbed by body.
- Potentially oxygen or even ventilator
58
While a women with a fractured femur is being prepared for surgery, she exhibits cyanosis, tachycardia, dyspnea, and restlessness. What should the nurse do first?
Place in Semi-fowlers position
59
What is acute or chronic infection of the bone? (usually bacterial)
Osteomyleitis
60
Acute contiguous spread of osteomyelitis is caused by what?
Direct contamination of bone from open wound
61
What are signs and symptoms of acute osteomyelitis?
- fever
- tachycardia
- increased pain
- poor healing
- drainage
62
Acute osteomyelitis is even more concerning if what happens?
infection reaches bloodstream
63
A chronic osteomyelitis infection lasts how long even adequately treated?
greater than 6-8 weeks, may last years
64
What is a potential complication of chronic osteomyelitis?
Bone dies due to lost blood supply
65
A client with an open fracture is at risk for developing osteomyelitis. Which classes symptoms would the nurse assess for to detect development of this complication?
- Increased pain at fracture site
- Elevated temperature
- Increased swelling at the fracture site
66
Death of bone and marrow in absence of infection due to ischemia is called what?
Osteonecrosis
67
What are the common causes of osteonecrosis?
1. hip fracture
| 2. idiopathic
68
Where is osteonecrosis most common?
Femur
69
What is the major sign and symptom of osteonecrosis?
PAIN that becomes progressively worse
70
What are neoplasms?
Bone tumors
71
What is the most common primary malignant bone tumor?
Osteosarcoma
72
What is the 3rd most common cancer in children and adolescents?
Osteosarcoma
73
Why is osteosarcoma the 3rd most common cancer in children and adolescents?
Because it develops during period of rapid growth
74
Osteosarcoma is seen what bones?
Large bones but can occur in any bones
75
What are symptoms of osteosarcoma?
- Pain (worse at night)
- Decreased ROM
- Swelling
- Redness
76
How can osteosarcoma spread?
Via blood vessels
77
Osteosarcoma commonly metastasis to where?
Lungs
78
Osteosarcoma can spread to where?
Soft tissue
79
Is osteosarcoma an aggressive/fast spreading cancer?
Yes
80
What is the primary goal of osteosarcoma treatment?
Disease free survival
81
What is the secondary treatment goal of osteosarcoma?
Preserve limb
82
Surgery and chemotherapy are treatments for what bone disease?
Osteosarcoma
83
Which of the following would suggest to the nurse at an urgent care center that a client may have an ankle sprain?
The client has a twisting injury while running bases during baseball game.
