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TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 > CH 6 BACTERIA > Flashcards

CH 6 BACTERIA Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What class of cells are bacteria under?

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

What are 2 domains of bacteria?

A

Archaebacteria and eubacteria

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3
Q

What are three structures found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid, ribosomes, organelle-like structures

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4
Q

What compound makes up the bacterial cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycans

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5
Q

What is unique about the prokaryotic cell wall?

A

Resists osmotic pressure changes

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6
Q

What are 2 kinds of hair-like projections that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces?

A

Fimbriae and pili

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7
Q

What bacterial structure protects from phagocytosis?

A

Glycocalyx

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8
Q

Why are unique bacterial structures significant to medicine?

A

They are the targets of certain drugs

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9
Q

What process do bacteria use to reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

What bacterial structures contain genes that are capable of being transmitted to other bacterial cells?

A

Plasmids

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11
Q

What is the term for particles produced by some bacteria under harsh conditions?

A

Endospores

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12
Q

What do endospores germinate into under favourable conditions?

A

Vegetative bacterial cells

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13
Q

What are 6 ways of identifying and classifying species of bacteria?

A
  1. Growth rate
  2. Nutritional requirements
  3. Staining
  4. Shape
  5. Pathogenicity
  6. Antibiotic resistance
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14
Q

What are 2 ways bacteria resist phagocytosis?

A
  1. Producing enzymes and toxins
  2. Taking refuge in host cells
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15
Q

What are 2 classes of bacterial toxins?

A

Proteins and lipopolysaccharides

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16
Q

True or false: Bacterial toxins always act at the site of bacterial proliferation

A

False

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17
Q

Secreted exotoxins are usually what complex molecule?

A

Proteins

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18
Q

Endotoxins are usually what complex molecule?

A

Lipopolysaccharides

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19
Q

How do toxins benefit bacteria?

A

Promote their growth and invasion into tissues.

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20
Q

What gram positive cocci resemble a cluster of grapes?

A

Staphylococci

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21
Q

What disease caused by s. aureus results in a 50% mortality?

A

Pneumonia

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22
Q

Name 4 toxins produced by s. aureus

A
  1. coagulase
  2. hemolysin
  3. exfoliatin B
  4. beta lactamase
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23
Q

What are the effects of exfoliatin B?

A

Separation of skin layers

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24
Q

What are the effects of beta lactamase?

A

Hydrolyzes penecillin

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25
What are 3 syndromes associated with s. aureus?
1. Scalded skin syndrome 2. Toxic shock syndrome 3. Food poisoning
26
What staphylococcus is normal human flora and causes nosocomial infections?
S. epidermidis
27
What gram positive cocci resemble bead-like chains?
Streptococci
28
Which streptococci cause strep throat?
S. pyogenes, group C & G
29
If strep throat is left untreated, what will result?
Rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
30
What 2 toxins are produced by s. pyogenes?
Hemolysin, pyrogenic toxin
31
Which type of streptococcus colonizes the GI and GU tracts, and can be lethal to newborns?
Group B
32
Which streptococcus is a leading cause of pneumonia?
S. pneumoniae / pneumococcus
33
Which gram negative coccus causes urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease?
Neisseria gonorrheae
34
If PID is left untreated, what will result?
Obstruction to salpinx, infertility
35
Which gram negative coccus causes epidemic meningitis?
Neisseria meningitidis
36
Which gram positive rod causes diphtheria?
Corynebacteria diphtheria
37
Diphtheria toxin has what effects?
Protein synthesis inhibition, development of pseudomembrane
38
How is diphtheria transmitted?
Respiratory aerosol
39
Which gram positive rod causes anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
40
Name 3 kinds of anthrax
1. Cutaneous 2. Gastrointestinal 3. Pulmonary
41
Why is bacillus anthracis so resilient?
Endospores in soil are resistant to environmental factors.
42
What does anthrax toxin cause?
Cytokine secretion
43
Which gram positive rod causes myonecrosis and gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
44
What may precede a c. perfringens infection?
Septic abortion, crushing injury, compound fracture, gunshot/knife wounds, malignancy
45
Which gram positive rod causes food poisoning and flaccid paralysis?
Clostridium botulinum
46
What is the action of c. botulinum toxin?
Inhibits ACH at neuromuscular junction
47
What is a therapeutic use for c. botulinum toxin?
Botox
48
Which gram positive rod causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
49
What toxin does c. tetani produce?
Tetanospasmin
50
What is the action of tetanospasmin?
Inhibits release of glycine and GABA, causing rigid paralysis
51
Where can c. tetani be found?
In soil and GI tract
52
Which gram negative rod is a common opportunistic infection, and can be identified by a grapey odor and fluorescent blue-green colour?
Pseudomonas aeriginosa
53
What gram negative rod is normally found in the GI tract?
Escherichia coli
54
What toxin is produced by the 0157:H7 strain of e. coli, and what are its effects?
Shiga toxin, diarrhea
55
What are possible consequences of e. coli infection?
Hemolytic uremic syndrome, acute kidney failure
56
Which gram negative rod causes typhoid?
Salmonella enterica
57
How is s. enterica transmitted?
Fecal-oral
58
What are common effects of s. enterica infection?
Attacks liver, causes diarrhea
59
What gram negative rod causes undulating fever in humans, and is common to people who work with animals?
Brucella
60
What gram negative rod causes whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
61
What is the action of pertussis toxin?
Inhibits adenylyl cyclase to reduce phagocytosis
62
What gram negative rod causes plague?
Yersinia pestis
63
What site does y. pestis colonize?
Lymph nodes
64
Which gram negative rods are characterized by helical shape and propelling filaments?
Spirochetes
65
Name 3 examples of spirochetes
1. Leptospiro spp 2. Borrelia burgdorferi 3. Treponema pallidum
66
What unique features are of interest in identifying acid fast bacteria?
1. Mycolic acid in cell wall makes staining difficult 2. Slow cell division makes culture growth difficult
67
What other advantage does mycolic acid give acid fast bacteria?
Resist phagocytosis
68
What acid fast bacteria causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
69
Name 4 kinds of TB
1. Primary TB 2. Secondary TB 3. Pulmonary TB 4. Disseminated/miliary TB
70
Why are many cases of TB latent?
After phagocytosis, bacteria survive
71
What 2 symptoms characterize primary TB?
Granulomata, caseous necrosis
72
What characterizes secondary TB?
Severe respiratory complications
73
What appearance characterizes disseminated/miliary TB?
Grain like appearance on x-ray
74
Which bacteria causes leprosy/Hansen's disease?
Mycobacterium leprae
75
What are some early symptoms of leprosy?
Loss of sensation, macules, papules
76
What is unique about the transmission of m. leprae?
Requires repeated contact
77
What is unique about the incubation of m. leprae?
Long period--3-5 years
78
What bacteria causes cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
79
What is the action and effect of cholera toxin?
Activates adenylyl cyclase--promotes intestinal secretion of fluid and electrolytes causing diarrhea

TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 (11 decks)

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