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TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 > CH 7 VIRUSES > Flashcards

CH 7 VIRUSES Flashcards

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1
Q

About how small are viruses?

A

0.02-0.3 mcg

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2
Q

Why are viruses different from living cells?

A

Cannot metabolize or reproduce independently

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3
Q

How are viruses classified?

A

By morphology and type of genetic material

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4
Q

Name two classification systems for viruses

A
  1. International committee for taxonomy of viruses
  2. Baltimore classification system
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5
Q

Name 2 general components of the viral covering

A
  1. Capsid
  2. Envelope
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6
Q

Name 2 general components of the viral core

A
  1. Nucleic acid
  2. Enzymes
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7
Q

What may surround the viral genome?

A

Nucleocapsid

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8
Q

What viral action causes tissue damage?

A

Reproduction

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9
Q

Viral capsule proteins that specialize in binding certain cell receptors determine the virus’s what?

A

Viral tropism

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10
Q

What are three mechanisms viruses use to enter through the cell membrane?

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Fusion
  3. Adherence and translocation
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11
Q

What is the cycle through which the viral genome is inserted into the host genome?

A

Lysogenic cycle

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12
Q

What is the cycle through which the virus directs the cell to produce new viral capsid proteins?

A

Lytic cycle

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13
Q

What are two ways viruses may exit the cell?

A
  1. Transport through vesicles
  2. Directly emerging through cell membrane
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14
Q

What are two reasons why some animal viruses are able to infect humans?

A
  1. Compatible viral receptor proteins
  2. Mutations of same
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15
Q

What are some cytopathic effects of viruses?

A
  1. Changes in morphology
  2. Abnormal fusion
  3. Gene mutation leading to atrophy, hyperplasia, or dysplasia
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16
Q

What advantage do enveloped viruses have?

A

A patch of the host cell’s membrane stay with the virus as it buds off, which helps it to integrate into the next cell.

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17
Q

Name 3 types of enveloped DNA viruses

A
  1. Poxviruses
  2. Herpesviruses
  3. Hepadnaviruses
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18
Q

Which enveloped DNA virus causes smallpox?

A

Variola virus

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19
Q

How is variola virus transmitted?

A

Contact

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20
Q

What tissue does variola virus target, and where does it multiply?

A

Respiratory tract, lymph nodes

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21
Q

Name 8 types of herpesviruses

A
  1. Herpes simplex 1
  2. Herpes simplex 2
  3. Varicella zoster
  4. Cytomegalovirus
  5. Epstein-Barr
  6. Human herpes 6
  7. Human herpes 7
  8. Human herpes 8
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22
Q

How are herpesviruses transmitted?

A

Contact and respiratory aerosol

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23
Q

After initial manifestation of a painful vesicle, where do herpesviruses go to enter latency?

A

Dosal root ganglia

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24
Q

Which enveloped DNA virus causes cold sores and oral herpes?

A

HSV1

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25
Which enveloped DNA virus causes genital herpes?
HSV2
26
How are herpes simplex viruses activated?
Stress causes corticosteroid induced activation of JNK protein
27
Which enveloped DNA virus causes chickenpox and shingles?
Varicella zoster virus
28
Which tissues are the target of VZV?
Respiratory mucosa, skin
29
Which enveloped DNA virus mostly presents as an opportunistic infection?
Cytomegalovirus
30
How is CMV transmitted?
Body fluids
31
Which enveloped DNA virus causes mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Epstein-Barr virus
32
How is EBV transmitted?
Body fluids, especially saliva
33
Which enveloped DNA virus targets hepatocytes?
Hepatitis B virus
34
Which nonenveloped DNA viruses cause distinctive pharyngoconjunctival fever, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and acute hemorrhagic cystitis?
Adenoviruses
35
Which nonenveloped DNA viruses cause cervical cancer?
HPV 16 and 18
36
Which group of viruses cause influenza?
Orthomyxoviruses
37
What two things make up the glycoprotein spikes unique to influenza viruses?
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
38
Which term describes the accumulation of mutations of influenza surface proteins?
Antigenic drift
39
Which term describes the way viruses exchange genetic material to create hybrids?
Antigenic shift
40
Name 3 types of paramyxoviruses
1. Morbillovirus 2. Mumps virus 3. Respiratory syncytial virus
41
Which RNA paramyxovirus causes measles?
Morbillovirus
42
What can mumps virus infection lead to?
Epidemic parotiditis
43
What is another term for the RNA paramyxovirus respiratory syncytial virus?
Pneumovirus
44
Rabies virus belongs to which group of RNA viruses?
Rhabdoviruses
45
Which group of RNA viruses includes poliovirus and Hepatitis A?
Picornaviruses
46
Which RNA picornavirus causes poliomyelitis?
Poliovirus
47
How are polio and Hepatitis A spread?
Fecal-oral
48
Which cells are targeted by HIV?
Helper T cells, macrophages, microglia, dendritic cells
49
Which cells are targeted by EBV?
B cells
50
What is the term for proteinaceous particles that cause transmissable spongiform encephalopathy?
Prions
51
Name an example of transmissable spongiform encephalopathy
Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
52
Name two viral categories based on the appearance of their genetic material
Helical and isocahedral
53
Name 3 ways viral culturing is done
1. Inoculate live animals 2. Inoculate bird embryos 3. Use cell culture
54
How are chronic viral infections different from latent viral infections?
Chronic: virus multiplies slowly, symptoms mild or absent Latent: after lytic cycle, become undetectable. Can reactivate
55
What is the term for a virus that can cross the placental barrier?
Teratogenic
56
Which enveloped DNA viruses cause exanthema subitum and lymphoproliferative diseases?
Human herpes viruses 6, 7
57
Which enveloped DNA virus causes Kaposi sarcoma?
Human herpes virus 8
58
How are the Hep A, B, and C viruses different?
1. Hep A is an enveloped RNA picornavirus 2. Hep B is an enveloped DNA hepadnavirus 3. Hep C is an enveloped DNA flavivirus
59
What conditions can human herpes 6 and 7 lead to?
Exanthema subitum, lymphoproliferative diseases
60
What disease is associated with human herpes 8?
Kaposi sarcoma
61
Why are polyoma viruses and parvoviruses unique?
Generally only affect animals
62
How are orthomyxoviruses different from other enveloped RNA viruses?
Segmented genome
63
What group of viruses does rubella belong to?
Togaviruses
64
What group of viruses does dengue virus and Hepatitis C belong to?
Flaviviruses
65
What group of viruses does Ebola virus belong to?
Filoviruses
66
Why are paramyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses, coronaviruses, togaviruses, flaviviruses, and filoviruses unique?
RNA, enveloped, single stranded, non-segmented
67
Why are picornaviruses and reoviruses different from other RNA viruses?
Non-enveloped genome
68
How do picornaviruses differ from reoviruses?
Single stranded genome
69
What is an example of reoviruses?
Rotavirus

TERM 2 BIOL2192 PATHO 1 (11 decks)

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