MIDTERM 2

Question 1

What is the term for an abnormal protein that causes disease in animals and humans?

Answer 1

Prion

Question 2

What is the term for the ecological location an organism inhabits?

Answer 2

Ecological niche

Question 3

What are the most common sites for microbial colonization in the human body?

Answer 3

Skin and mucous membranes

Question 4

Name 5 factors that affect the type and number of microorganisms in habitats?

Answer 4

1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Nutrients
4. Toxins
5. Other microbes

Question 5

Name 4 sterile compartments of the human body

Answer 5

1. CNS
2. Heart
3. Kidneys
4. Peritoneal cavity

Question 6

What is the term for microorganisms that cause disease in almost any individual they infect?

Answer 6

True pathogens

Question 7

What is the term for microorganisms that do not cause disease in healthy individuals?

Answer 7

Opportunistic pathogens

Question 8

What makes Clostridia bacteria pathogenic to humans?

Answer 8

Exotoxin release

Question 9

What do opportunistic bacteria release when they die?

Answer 9

Endotoxins

Question 10

Where is cholera contracted from?

Answer 10

Contaminated water

Question 11

Name 6 infections that are only found in human reservoirs

Answer 11

1. STIs
2. Measles
3. Mumps
4. Polio
5. Mumps
6. Streptococcal infection
7. Smallpox

Question 12

What is the term for a living organism that carries an infecting particle during part of its life cycle?

Answer 12

Biological vector

Question 13

What is the term for anything that carries an infecting microorganism passively on its surface?

Answer 13

Mechanical vector

Question 14

With ingestion, where is the portal of entry?

Answer 14

Any part of the digestive tract

Question 15

What are fomites?

Answer 15

Objects that can act as reservoirs

Question 16

True or false: the portal of entry is always the same as the site of infection

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What are 2 terms for the capacity of an infectious particle to cause disease manifestations?

Answer 17

1. Pathogenicity
2. Virulence

Question 18

What is the difference between pathogenicity and virulence?

Answer 18

A particle is either pathogenic or not; virulence describes pathogenicity

Question 19

What is the term for molecular features of a particle that cause injury

(e.g. enzymes, toxins, adhesion proteins, motility structures, spikes, slime, capsules)

Answer 19

Virulence factors

Question 20

Define inoculin

Answer 20

Infectious material

Question 21

What is the term for the amount of infectious material required for infection to occur?

Answer 21

Infectious dose

Question 22

What kind of organisms are involved in non-communicable infections?

Answer 22

Organisms belonging to the individual’s own microflora

Question 23

What is the term for the state in which a microbe is harboured without obvious symptoms?

Answer 23

Carrier state

Question 24

What is the term for a carrier in whom the infection is at an early stage?

Answer 24

Incubation carrier

Question 25

What is the term for a carrier in whom residual microbes are present following treatment?

Answer 25

Convalescent carrier

Question 26

What is the term for a carrier that harbours a pathogen due to peculiarities of their physiology?

Answer 26

Chronic carrier

Question 27

What is the term for an abnormal physiologic, pathologic, and biochemical syndrome characterized by dysregulated compensatory responses?

Answer 27

Sepsis

Question 28

What is the term for novel infectious diseases that are resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 28

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

Question 29

Name 4 stages of sepsis

Answer 29

1. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) 2. Sepsis 3. Severe sepsis 4. Septic shock

Question 30

Name 4 criteria of SIRS

Answer 30

1. Increased temperature 2. Increased respiration 3. Increased heart rate 4. Increased WBC 5. Decreased PCO2

Question 31

Name 2 criteria of sepsis

Answer 31

1. 2 SIRS 2. Confirmed or suspected infection

Question 32

Name 4 criteria of severe sepsis

Answer 32

1. Confirmed sepsis 2. Signs of end organ damage 3. Hypotension 4. Increased lactate

Question 33

Name 4 criteria of septic shock

Answer 33

1. Severe sepsis, with persistent: 2. Signs of end organ damage 3. Hypotension 4. Increased lactate

Question 34

What causes hypotension in severe sepsis and septic shock?

Answer 34

Systemic vascular permeability

Question 35

What is the most common condition to cause sepsis?

Answer 35

Pneumonia